aristotle :: essays research papers

Analytical Paper 3 Book 7, Ch. 4 AristotleIn this chapter it is Aristotles goal to explain the ideal size of a city-state, and the ripe multitude of people to inhabit that city-state. Aristotle argues most people suppose that a happy city-state must be a great one (line 7). This thought is wrong, he concludes, claiming that it is not the number of inhabitants that makes a city-state great, but its ability. For a city-state has a task to perform, so that the city-state that is best able to complete it is the one that should be considered superlative (line 13).Aristotles second claim is that in order to have an ideal city-state, one must have the ideal inhabitants within that city-state. Typically, in large city-states a great number of the inhabitants are slaves, resident aliens, and foreigners, this makes for a densely populated city-state. The great city-states are the ones who have the most people that are a violate of it. Meaning a city-state in which a majority of its inhabit ants are involved in the daily activities and governing of the city-state. Aristotle continues by stating from the facts at least it is difficult, perhaps impossible, for an excessively populated city-state to be well governed (line 25). He argues that law is a kind of organization, and thus for a government to be a good government it must be well organized. Trying to organize a large city-state is impossible, it is a task for a divine power, therefore, a city-states population must be restricted. The size of a city-state, like everything else, has a certain scale animals, plants and tools. For when each of them is neither too small nor too excessively large, it will have its have proper capacity (line 35). Aristotle then relates it to a ship. One that is too small is not a formidable ship. Yet one that is too large is excessively not worthy of being called a ship. The ship will sail badly if it is too small or too large, and so it is with city-states, one that has too few peop le is not self-sufficient, yet, one that consists of too many, is not ideal, because it is too hard to govern.

Brave New World7 :: Essays Papers

withstand New World7From my readings in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World I have noticed most of the World republic citizens remain in a childish state of mind all of their entire lives from playing games all day to having instant gatification from their problems. This bothers me very much because in the real world people must work for what they want. Instead the citizens of this deranged culture are taken care of for their whole lives like children. In Brave New World the citizens of the World State take soma for instant gratification from everything much like kids today smoke marijuana to make water out from their problems. For example when Bernard rise ups out that he is being displace to Iceland he takes some soma to relieve himself from his problem. After finding out that he was being sent to Iceland, Lenina pursuaded him to swallow four tablets of soma. Five minutes later roots and fruits were abolished the flower of the present rosily blossomed. (104) The soma Bernard to ok was because he wanted his problem to go away and hoped someone other then himself would fix it.The next example of the citizens being taken care of like children, was that they were taught by hypnopedia what to think and believe and to stick by it like a stubborn child. An example of this is when Bernard wants to think on his own, which is very unsual for these people, and Lenina repeats phrases she heard during hypnopedia to get him to take some soma to get release of those thoughts A gramme in time saves nine, she says blindly and One cubic centimetre cures ten gloomy sentiments.(89) Bernard is frustrated by her inability to think hardly Lenina then finally nags him to the point that he takes the soma to make her stop. By doing this Lenina proves she cant think independently like a stubborn child would try to get its way.The last example of these citizens acting much like children is that all day they play elaborate games like elevator squash and obstacle golf. You never fi nd out if they have any real responsibilitys at all but they play games during the day. At one point Bernard bemoans Leninas tendencies ...wretched that she should have thought it was a ideal afternoon for obstacle golf.... (64) You must wonder how they could play this in the afternoon if they have any responsibilitys at all.

Ralph Ellisons Protests Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Ralph Ellisons Protests It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, of measuring ones soul by the tape recording of the world that looks on in amused contempt and pity - W.E.B. DuBois, 1903 When discussing a text that is placed firmly into an accepted category of ethnicity, it seems reasonable to look for allegories, tropes, and symbols that hark back to the ancestral texts of that groups literary canon. Like a golden cord that catches the eye as it pokes up between the warp and woof of words, tradition knowledge can be traced from the earliest texts, causing a student to point to the page and say, The trope of the mask whereupon notes are scribbled in the margin and the shape of the text, how it fits into the giant picture of categorization, begins to take form. African-American literature has a enough tradition that exemplifies this concept From Equiano and Harriot Jacobs slave narrat ives to Nella Larsen and James Wheldon Johnsons passing from Phyllis Wheatley and Countee Cullens solemn classical poetic forms to the smooth anger of the 1960s Black Arts movement, the universal thread of discord and displacement influence the overall design of African-American literature. Then there is camouflaged Man. One of the most celebrated texts in African-American literature, Invisible Man has been interpreted as relying heavily on African-American folk tradition for its deep, rich resonance. But in essays about literature and the folly of literary critics, Ellison defends Invisible Man against simple categorization. It is more than a pitch blackness coming-of-age tale, more than a Negro picaresque psychological travelogue, and m... ...allow anyone to gloss over the distinction. Works Cited Callahan, John F., intro. Reflections out of season on race, identity and art. American Culture is of a Whole from the letter of Ralph Ellison. The radical Republic. 1 Ma rch 1999. DuBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folks. Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Gates, Jr. New York Norton. 1997. 514. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 1947. New York Vintage. 1995. ---. Shadow and Act. 1953. Slip the Joke, Change the Yolk. Twentieth-Century fictionalisation and the Black Mask of Humanity. The World and the Jug. New York Vintage. 1964. Howe, Irving. Black Boys and Native Sons. A World More Attractive A View of Modern Literature and Politics. New York Horizon. 1963. Hyman, Stanley Edgar. The Promised End Essays and Reviews 1942-1962. Cleveland World. 1963.

The Tiger :: essays research papers

The TigerThe Tiger is often described as a particularly dangerous, sly, and unvanquishable predator. The Tiger is the largest of the cat family. They havepowerful bodies, large paws, and very sharp claws. The head of the Tiger isrounded and has a convex profile. The ears ar black with gabardine in the middle.The Tigers eyes are a yellowish-orange color, but at night they almost lookgreen. Coloration of the Tiger is reddish yellow or rust- dark-brown on the upperside, and a whitish under side. There is prominent beard like growth of hair onthe cheeks, and they whitethorn have a short neck mane. There body is covered withheavy black stripes ( Grzineks Animal Life Encyclopedia 1972).During the day a Tiger may rest in the shade, or lie in a quiet pool ofwater to escape the h devour. Tigers like water, and are very good swimmers. Yankee Tigers undertake long migrations. These migrations occur when epidemicswipe out the prey populations. This type of migrations happens often.Temperatur es down to -45 degrees Celsius are not harmful and do not dampen theiractivities ( Mammals multimedia system Encyclopedia 1990).Tigers usually live and hunt alone. When they hunt they can leap 5 to 6or jump as far as 10 meters. Tigers do not usually prey on people, but some dobecome man self-feeders. If a Tiger becomes a man eater it is because of a wound,weakness, or just because it is to old. The young accompany their mother on thehunt when they are 5 to 6 months of age. Tigers begin to hunt alone when theyare just eleven months old. Before the young can hunt alone, the mother willdemonstrate how it is done(Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993).Tigers usually prey on deer wild cattle called gore, and wild pigs.Whenever humans have domestic animals, Tigers will feed on cattle, horses, sheep,and goats. A cattle eating Tiger will crop up an ox about every 5 days, or from 60to 70 a year. If a tiger has trouble finding food it will eat birds eggs orberries. If a Tiger can not fin d any broad of food at all, it will eat any kindof flesh it can find( Grzineks Animal Life Encyclopedia 1972).Tigers have only three major requirementsthey need large prey,water,andcover.An adult tiger requires 12 pounds at a time, but it may eat as much as 60pounds in one night.A tigress with three young require 280 kg of nitty-gritty everytwenty days.At times a tiger must go without food,or will have to make do with

the bell jar (book report/ biography of author) :: essays research papers fc

The Bell JarSuicidal in nature, perturbed in mind, and aimless in direction, Sylvia Plath fumbled her way through her adult life. The main character, Esther Greenwood, portrays Plath in her first and only book. Sylvia Plath conveys her touching story of losing herself, and her will to live, as well as her recovery in her heartbreaking novel, The Bell Jar.Plath was not always such a disturbed person. She was born October 27th, 1932 (Sylvia n.p.). Her mother was a German and English teacher and her father emigrated from Germany at age sixteen to study ministry, and later, science. Sylvia was very shut down to her father, Otto Plath (Malmsheimer 527). In 1940, Otto, who had neglected to take care of his diabetes, fell ill and died that November. At this point in her life, Sylvia made a 180 turn from being a happy, healthy child, to a shattered, lonesome soul (Malmsheimer 529).Sylvia had little interaction with those outside of her household as a child. Her social circle included only her parents, matriarchal grandparents, her brother, and a few of her neighbors. She lived in the suburbs of Winthrop, Massachusetts near Boston and her father ran their household (Malmsheimer 528).Sylvias first publication was a short poem in the Boston Sunday Herald at the tender age of eight years (Malmsheimer 529). In junior high school, Plath decided that she wanted to be a writer. She stuck with that idea for the whole of her brief life. Plath graduated from Gamaliel Bradford High School in Wellesley, Massachusetts (Volkman 311). From there she went on to earn the Wellesley Smith Club Scholarship, the Neilson Scholarship, and the Olive Higgins Prouty investment firm Scholarship. In the fall of 1950, Plath enrolled in Smith College. Her first year there she was make in Seventeen Magazine and won the third place dirty money for their short story contest (Malmsheimer 530).Ten years after Plaths award winning short story, her first collection of poems The Colossus and Other Po ems, was published in 1960 (Malmsheimer 529). Plath attended Cambridge University in London, England. It was here that Plath met her husband, Ted Hughes, a fellow poet. They were married June 16th, 1956 and had a daughter, Frieda, and a son, Nicholas (Volkman 314). Sylvia later became aware of an affair her husband had been engaging in. This caused the partner off to separate (Volkman 316).The separation from Hughes caused Sylvia great distress. She had previously been hospitalized for attempting to take her own life (Volkman 312).

the bell jar (book report/ biography of author) :: essays research papers fc

The Bell JarSuicidal in nature, perturbed in mind, and aimless in direction, Sylvia Plath fumbled her way through her adult life. The main character, Esther Greenwood, portrays Plath in her firstly and only book. Sylvia Plath conveys her touching story of losing herself, and her will to live, as well as her recovery in her heartbreaking novel, The Bell Jar.Plath was not always such a disturbed person. She was born October 27th, 1932 (Sylvia n.p.). Her mother was a German and English teacher and her father emigrated from Germany at age sixteen to study ministry, and later, science. Sylvia was very close to her father, Otto Plath (Malmsheimer 527). In 1940, Otto, who had neglected to take care of his diabetes, fell ill and died that November. At this point in her life, Sylvia made a 180 turn from being a happy, vigorous child, to a shattered, lonesome soul (Malmsheimer 529).Sylvia had little interaction with those outside of her household as a child. Her social circle included only her parents, maternal grandparents, her brother, and a few of her neighbors. She lived in the suburbs of Winthrop, Massachusetts near capital of Massachusetts and her father ran their household (Malmsheimer 528).Sylvias first publication was a abruptly poem in the Boston Sunday Herald at the tender age of eight years (Malmsheimer 529). In junior high school, Plath decided that she wanted to be a writer. She stuck with that report for the whole of her brief life. Plath graduated from Gamaliel Bradford High School in Wellesley, Massachusetts (Volkman 311). From there she went on to earn the Wellesley Smith Club Scholarship, the Neilson Scholarship, and the Olive Higgins Prouty Fund Scholarship. In the fall of 1950, Plath enrolled in Smith College. Her first year there she was published in Seventeen Magazine and won the third place prize for their short story contest (Malmsheimer 530).Ten years after Plaths award winning short story, her first collection of poems The Colossus and Oth er Poems, was published in 1960 (Malmsheimer 529). Plath attended Cambridge University in London, England. It was here that Plath met her husband, Ted Hughes, a fellow poet. They were married June 16th, 1956 and had a daughter, Frieda, and a son, Nicholas (Volkman 314). Sylvia later became aware of an affair her husband had been engaging in. This caused the couple to erupt (Volkman 316).The separation from Hughes caused Sylvia great distress. She had previously been hospitalized for attempting to take her own life (Volkman 312).

Introduction to Psychological Counselling Essay

What is Required in thoughtful Writing?Why Reflect?It is not sufficient simply to convey an understand in order to learn.Without reflecting upon this experience it may quickly be forgotten, or its acquirement potential lost. It is from the feelings and thoughts emerging from this reprimand that generalisations or concepts sack up be generated. And it is generalisations that reserve new business offices to be tackled effectively. (Gibbs 1988)Reflective composing provides an opportunity for you to gain further insights from your work done deeper reflection on yourexperiences, and through further comity of some otherperspectives from people and theory. Through reflection we can we can deepen the learning from work.The Nature and Content of Reflection So what do we mean by reflection? One tentative definition of reflection is offered by Moon (1999) a form of mental processing with a purpose and/or anticipated case that is applied to relatively complex or unstructured ideas f or which there is not an obvious solution. (Moon 199923) Moon continues by outlining some of the purposes for reflectionWe reflect in order to Consider the process of our own learning a process of metacognition Critically review something our own behaviour, that of others or the product of behaviour (e.g. an essay, book, painting etc.) induce theory from observations we draw theory from generalisations sometimes in practical situations, sometimes in thoughts or a mixture of the two Engage in in-person or self development Make decisions or resolve uncertainty Empower or emancipate ourselves as individuals (and then it is close to self-development) or to authorise/emancipate ourselves deep down the context of our social groups. (Ibid pp23)In this instance, whilst your reflective writing must relate to your experience, the exact focus and emphasis is for you to determine.Deepening Reflection triad Models of reflection When assessing your reflective writing you will be expect ed more than a superficial review of your experience, they will be seeking separate of deeper reflection. This substance moving beyond thedescriptive, and subjecting your experience to greater scrutiny.In Learning by Doing, Gibbs (1988) outlines the stages for a Structured Debriefing, which ar based on Kolbs (1984) existential Learning Cycle and which encourage deeper reflectionContinued ..Deepening Reflection Three Models of reflectionDescriptionWhat is the stimulant for reflection? ( incident, event, theoretical idea ) What are you going to reflect on?FeelingsWhat were your re serves and feelings?EvaluationWhat was good and bad about the experience? Make valuejudgements.AnalysisWhat sense can you make of the situation? Bring in ideas from outside the experience to help you. What was really going on?Conclusions (general)What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have under scratchn?Conclusions (specific)What can be concluded about yo ur own specific, unique, personal situation or shipway of working?Personal Action plansWhat are you going to do otherwise in this type of situation next time? What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?On being Reflective Starting pointWe need to acknowledge our component part as theory buildersHave a clear method for making sense of our experience mount a range of theoretical perspectivesParticipate in learning opportunities to practice, theoriseand evaluate their work.The Method Kolbs (1984) Experimental LearningCycleExperiencing feeling posting & ReflectionWatching & thinkingTesting & Applyingplanning and doingAnalysing & ConceptualisingTheory buildingOn being Reflective Reflection is the ability to think about the things we have experiencedin a systematic way Evaluate those experiences and learn from them Reflective practice is where you as the youth, social or health work practician take a step back in order to review and analyse how well the work is progressing and how effective you are working. It has two components1. Reflection -in- action you are reviewing as you are working with a group of young people.2. Reflection-on-action you review after the event. A commitment to ongoing reflection is necessary if you demand to improve and learn as practitioners.Integrating Theory and Practice Key StageReflection involves asking a series ofquestions about your work and the waysin which you are approaching it.Key questions What were you aiming to achieve? What body of knowledge informed yourwork? What skills did you use to work? For example group work skills, my role asa Student, my learning style Interpersonal skills listening andresponding. The use of open and closequestions. The skills of providing information The skills of making suggestions orcommand (prescriptive intervention) Challenge and confronting skills beingness a catalyst Exploring feelings Providing supportModels of reflectionHatton and Smith ( 1995) identified four aims in the development of t distributivelyer reflection from teaching practice. In your reflective writing your tutorwill be looking for evidence of reflecting at the higher levels.Descriptive writing This is a description of events or literature reports. There is no discussion beyond description. The writing is considered not to show evidence of reflectionDescriptive reflective There is basically description of events, but shows some evidence of deeper consideration in relatively descriptive language. There is no real evidence of the notion of alternative viewpoints in use.Dialogic reflection This writing suggests there is a stepping back from the events and actions which leads to different level of discourse. There is a sense of mulling about, discourse with self and an exploration of the role of self in events and actions. There is consideration of the qualities of judgements and possible alternatives for explaining and hypothesising. The reflection is analytical or integrativ e, linking factors and perspectives.Critical reflection This form of reflection, in addition, shows evidence that the prentice is aware that actions and events may be located within and explicable by multiple perspectives, but are located in and influenced by multiple and socio political contextsBloom (1964) identified different levels of thinking processes, which he presented in a hierarchy these can also be used as a framework for more thorough reflection. They move from knowing, evidenced through recalling information, through to evaluating, evidenced through making systematic judgements of value. In your reflective writing your tutor will be looking for evidence of these higher level processes.ProcessIncreasingProcessKnowledgeRecognition and recall of information describingeventsComprehensionInterprets, translates or summarises given information demonstrating understanding of events.ApplicationUses information in a situation different from airplane pilotlearning context Analy sisSeparates wholes into parts until relationships are clear breaks down experiencesSynthesisCombines elements to form new entity from the originalone draws on experience and other evidence tosuggest new insightsEvaluationInvolves acts of decision making, or judging based oncriteria or rule makes judgements aboutDifficultyPossible sources of evidence for reflectiveOther things I knowPersonal aspirationsExperiential learningtheoryMe as a learnerSELFOrganisational reviewCOURSE WORKWork-based issuesWork-basedlearningPERSONALREFLECTIONYOUR LEARNINGPLACEApplication of othermodules / learningto these ideasApplication to othermodules / learningGuidelines for completing the ReflectiveJournal/ DairyStudies have shown that rreflection upon ones learning is key to a full learning experience. For this reason, you will be undeniable to keep reflective journals as part of your professional development. There are two different Reflective Journal templates. Learning Reflection to be finished after attendance of each one day of workshopTechnology Reflection to be competed after using the technology in your work practises. Participants are required to integrate at least two new skills into their work practises after each one day of workshop attendance.How long will it take? As a rough guide, each journal entry should take approximately 20-30 legal proceeding. Feel free to add comments but the minimum requirements are include in the template.What should I write? What you learn today .Confidentiality All information completed in journals is confidential.Learning Journal Reflect for a few minutes on today lesson and write your sample reflection on Reflective Journal Template. Dont forget writing your learning journal each week after lesson.Next Week 7 SessionIntroduction to Counselling SkillsReferences Gibbs, G. Rust, C. Jenkins, A. Jaques, D. 1994, Developing StudentsTransferable Skills. Oxford Centre for Staff Development. Kolb, D. 1984, Experiential Learning see to it as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Moon, J, 1999, Learning Journals A Handbook for Academics, Students and Professional Development. Kogan Page Wright, Jeannie and Bolton, Gillie (2012) Reflective Writing in Counselling and Psychotherapy (London SAGE)

Physchological Effects of Alcholism

The Psychological Effects of Alcoholism There ar many people who live a life that is painful and which they want to escape from. Due to this people will often turn to alcohol and abuse the privilege. When people destine of the effects of alcohol, they think about the physical effects it has on the body. What is discussed less frequently, but in some cases equ bothy damaging, is the effect alcohol tell aparts on the mind. Alcoholism will take you on a one way road to failure, which leads to losing a career, family, and most importantly ones self.Initially, alcohol will increase a psyches confidence. At social gatherings, a person will initiate more conversations, tell funny jokes and feel a sense of acceptance. Unfortunately this is all in their mind whats funny to them might really be rude and obnoxious to a sober person. An intoxicated person wont see how their acting because the alcohol triggers the short release of dopamine. Consequently, the brain will rely on the alcohol to release dopamine for feelings of pleasure and happiness. After proceed use of alcohol a person will more often make poor judgment.During their impaired state under the influence, they are likely to lie to people they care about, steal or engage in other destructive mental behavior. While intoxicated, your mind will trick you into believing that your actions are not that bad, leading to a carefree attitude. As a result, a person will have to pay the consequences in jail, the hospital or in a grave. Another downside of an alcoholic is the increased aggression. Violent, aggressive behavior is common among male and sometimes females. The loss of inhibitions, along with the destruction of brain cells caused by deglutition can create abusive behavior in alcoholics.As a result, spousal abuse and street fighting are often triggered. There are more shelters opening up for women who are victims of spousal abuse. Often times the abuser will only strike their loved one when intoxicated. Mos t importantly, dipsomania affects your family and loved ones the alcoholic is not the only one that gets emotionally scared. An alcoholic doesnt realize the hurtful words they say, stay in the minds of their peasantren and family. A childs mind absorbs every detail and growing up in a verbally abusive environment can stunt their development. They have a good chance of growing up with learning and anger management issues.

Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: Venezuela vs Denmark

Background Denmark The bittie, europiuman country of Denmark lies just on the border of the North and Baltic Seas upon the peninsula of Germany, also flanked by Norway and Sweden. It is less than twice the surface of Massachu come outts at 43,094 squ be kilometers. The weather is generally temperate, humid and overcast with windy winters and cool summers. Denmarks natural resources include petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limest superstar, chalk, st matchless, gravel and sand. Denmark has a cosmos of 5,484,723 with 65. 9% amid the ages of 15 and 64 years old. The population growth rate is 0. 95% they bugger off a birth rate of 10. 71 per 1000 hatful and a death rate of 10. 25. The migration rate is 2. 49 per 1000 sight and the residents have a life sentence foreboding of 78. 13 years. The nationality of the deal of Denmark is Dane, or danish. The Danish ethnic groups include Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, and Somali. As far as spiritual belief s, 95% of Denmark be Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Christian including Protestant and Roman Catholic and 3% Muslim. The main languages spoken ar Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic and German and the predominant second language is English.The Danes have a 99% literacy rate and the educate life expectancy is 17 years. (CIA World F make book) Venezuela Venezuela is a much larger country of 912,050 squargon kilometers and population 26,414,816 in Northern South the States bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. It lies flush with Columbia, Brazil and Guyana. It is slightly more than twice the size of California with a tropical climatehot and humid. 63. 8% of the population is between the ages of 15 and 64 years old. The population growth rate is 1. 98% with a birth rate of 20. 92 per 1000 population and 5. 1 deaths per 1000 population. The net migration rate is -. 084 per 1000 population and their life expectancy from birth is 73. 45 years. Their nationality is Venezuel an and their ethnic groups are Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, and indigenous people Spanish is the official language. 96% of Venezuela is nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant and 2% other religions entirely. 93% of Venezuelans are literate and the average school expectancy rate is 12 years. Law DenmarkDenmark is a constitutional monarchy, with the Queen fulfilling the role of head of state, and the government formed out of the parliament. Denmark has a unicameral (single chamber) parliament, with deputies elected by dint of a system of proportional representation, though individually member also represents a constituency. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Demark) The political system of Denmark is a multi-party structure, where several parties are represented in the Parliament. Danish governments are most often minority administrations, governing with the aid of one or more supporting parties.This means that Danish politics are characterized by inter-party compromising. Since 1909 no single party has had the majority of parliamentary seats. A popularly elected parliament, Folketinget, governs the country and the prime minister, the nations chief political officer, commonly comes from the ranks of the majority party. The Faroe Islands and Greenland come at a lower place nominal rule from Denmark. (Visit Denmark) The capital of Denmark is Copenhagen and the chief of state is Queen Margrethe II since January 14, 1972, and Heir Apparent Crown Prince Frederik, the first son of the monarch.The head of the government is Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen since 27 November 2001. The monarch is hereditary, however following legislative elections, the attracter of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the monarch for life frontiers. pitiful offenses are defined either in the excess part of the fell Code or in separate statut es. The general conditions for imposing wretched penalties are found in the general part of the roughshod Code which also apply to separate statutes.The sanctions described in the general part of the Criminal Code are the same whether the condemnable offense consists of a violation of the Criminal Code or of separate statutes. The substantive Danish criminal justice is monistic, meaning that violations of the law never have been divided into categories like felony/misdemeanor, crime/delicts or the like. It does not mean, however, that major offenses are treated in the same style as petty offenses in all respects. (Ravn, Lene) The age of criminal responsibility is 15 years old. According to the Criminal Code the mere possession of narcotizing drugs is criminalized.However, the law is not enforced regarding possession of very small make senses meant for the drug addicts own consumption. Possession and selling is penalized in a special law on drugs containing the possibility of imprisonment for a period of up to two years. Serious cases of trafficking of drugs are punished with imprisonment within a range of one month to ten years according to the Criminal Code. Venezuela Venezuelas political system is a Federal Republic. The current Venezuelan constitution was adopted in 1999. primary(prenominal) changes were made regarding the structure of the government as well as in human rights and community participation.Since the approval by referendum of this constitution, the government consists of five branches, the Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Citizen and Electoral. The Executive disunite The President and his cabinet. The President is elected by universal, direct and secret ballot for a six-year term. The President may be re-elected for one additional consecutive term only. Legislative One chamber National Assembly composed by 165 deputies elected for a five- year term. Deputies may be re-elected for up to one additional consecutive term. Judiciary The new constitution renamed the Supreme Court as the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.Justices are nominated by the civil society. final appointment requires the approval of at least two thirds of the legislative branch. The Citizens Branch Created to safeguard public ethics, to ensure respect for the principle of legality in the Administration, and to hook on the defense of human rights. The Ombudsman or Defender of the People, the Attorney General and the Comptroller General form this power The Electoral Branch This authority is free-lance from other Government Branches and is appointed by nominations from the civil society. Administrative Division 22 states, 1 federal district and the federal dependencies.State Governors are elected for a four-year term and may be re-elected for one additional consecutive term only. Most Venezuelans are Roman Catholic. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. All faiths have churches and people may worship freely. Venezuelas people result fro m the mingling of European, Amerindian, and African cultures. Traditionally a haven for people of all origins, Venezuela received large waves of immigrants from Europe following World War II and from other Latin American and Caribbean nations during the 1970s. (Embassy)The Venezuelan chief of state and head of government is President Hugo Chavez Frias since February 3, 1999. The Executive transgression President Ramon Alonzo Carrizalez Rengifo since 4 January 2008. The Venezuelan Penal Code distinguishes between crimes, punishable by imprisonment, and misdemeanors (faltas), punishable by arrests or fines. In the Penal Code, crimes are classified advertisement by major types, as follows * Crimes against national sovereignty and national security treason crimes against national and state government crimes against international law * Crimes against liberty crimes against political, personal, religious freedom, etc. Corruption these are defined in a special anti-corruption law, ena cted in 1982 * Crimes against the administration of justice simulating crimes, false testimony, collusion, concealment, etc. * Crimes against public order confederacy to commit crime incitement to crime manufacture and carrying of weapons, etc. * Forgery false currency forged seals, fiscal stamps, documents, passports, licenses, etc. * Crimes against public and private interests arson, make floods, etc. gainst public health and nutrition * Crimes against public morals and the family rape, seduction, prostitution, corrupting minors, adultery, bigamy, etc. * Crimes against persons homicide, battery, abortion, abandoning children, slander, etc. * Crimes against property theft, robbery, extortion, kidnapping, fraud, etc. (Birkbeck, Christopher) Until 1998, the age of criminal responsibility was 18. In that year, a new Childrens Code (Venezuela, 1998c) established criminal responsibility for adolescents (ages 12 to 17).However, the adolescent criminal justice system is administr atively separate from the adult criminal justice system. Adolescents who turn 18 during adjudication or sentencing continue under the adolescent justice system. (Birkbeck) practice of law Denmark The state natural law is a department of the Ministry of Justice. there is no longer a municipal law of nature and the military police only has authority over soldiers according to the Military Criminal Code. Denmark is divided into 54 police districts (excluding the Faeroe Islands and Greenland), each headed by a local chief of police.The National Commissioner reports to the Minister of Justice. For administrative purposes the police are subdivided into plain-clothes criminal investigators, uniformed policemen, traffic police officers, immigration police, and other categories. (Ravn) The common police of Denmark consist of 12 districts each managed by a director and two minor districts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands, run by a chief of police. The mission statement of the Danish police is as follows The police moldiness defecate in order to ensure security, safety, peace and order in the society.The police must promote this purpose through preventive, helping and enforcing work. In addition to the regular districts, there are three other organizations that work extracurricular the common police. Rigspolitiet is the state national police for Denmark. Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, also called PET, is the national security intelligence agency of Denmark. The agency focuses solely upon domestic security while outside(prenominal) intelligence operations are handled by Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste an intelligence branch under the Danish military.The stated overall purpose of PET is to prevent, investigate and counter operations and activities that pose or may pose a threat to the preservation of Denmark as a free, democratic and safe country. The three main duties of the PET are counter terrorism, counter extremism and counter espionage. Politiets Akti onsstyrke (AKS) is the Special Forces unit of the Danish police a national SWAT team. It is meant to handle extraordinarily difficult or heartbreaking criminal situations, much(prenominal) as terrorism, hostage situations, and kidnapping.It also deals with emergency rescue situations that would be too dangerous for others to handle. The AKS holds responsibility for all anti-terror and counter-terrorism missions in Denmark. (Wikipedia) New recruits are required to be in good physical condition good personal and economic condition, and should have achieved good grades in school. New recruits are usually required to be between 21 and 29 years of age, of Danish citizenship or have applied for Danish nationality/citizenship, and without any convictions. The basic training of police personnel takes 3 years.The training comprises both school education and training of a more practical nature. School education, which consists of 2 courses of 8 months each, takes place at the Police Academy in Copenhagen. The rest of the training time is spent on the job. The Police Academy also presents special courses and leadership courses. All chiefs of police hold a masters degree in law from a university. (Ravn) Venezuela The national Venezuelan police are the Cuerpo Tecnico de Policia Judicial, or PTJ. They were founded almost immediately after the supplant of Dictator Marcos Perez Jiminez in 1958.The PTJ is the primary judicial police force in the country, charged with the reception of crime reports made by citizens, the investigation of crimes, gathering of reason and arrest of suspects. In all these tasks, the PTJ is subordinated to the public prosecutors office. Administratively, the PTJ is abandoned to the Ministry of the indoor and Justice. The national headquarters are in Caracas, and there is one office in each state capital, with additional offices in some other cities. The PTJs name was recently changed to the National Directorate of Criminal Investigation.The tra ffic police (Cuerpo Tecnico de Vigilancia del Transito y Transporte Terrestre), administratively attached to the Ministry of Infrastructure, are responsible for surveillance, preliminary investigation and occasionally arresting suspects, in traffic offenses that involve violations of the criminal law. The state police are responsible for patrol work and public order, arrests (when offenders are caught in the act), and community service. They may also serve as auxiliary judicial police. Each force is regulated by a local Police Code.To further complicate the institutional environment, state police forces are also coordinated by an office in the Ministry of the Interior and Justice that compiles selected statistics and sets guidelines for internal procedures. Beginning in 1990, wealthier municipalities in the countrys largest cities set up municipal police forces. By July 2001, there were 77 municipal forces in the country. They are attached to the mayors offices and regulated by the states Police Code and by municipal ordinance. With so many different uniformed police forces, there are evidently difficulties in coordination and efficiency.For that reason, since at least 1977 there have been diverse proposals to create a unified national police force. The most recent is the National Police Law, which is currently being debated in the National Assembly. This law would join all uniformed police forces (state, Capital District, municipal), together with the traffic police, into one national force. (Birkbeck) Courts Denmark The independent speak tos constitute a part of the division of power in Denmark. Generally speaking, cases are dealt with in the first instance by a local or city judiciary appeals against the judgments of city courts are made to one of the countrys two High Courts.A few big cases and cases touching on administrative matters are dealt with by one of the high courts in the first instance. The highest court in Denmark is the Supreme Court, and t he Queen appoints judges. (Ministry) The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in Denmark. The Kingdom of Denmark, consisting of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, does not have a single unified judicial system Denmark has one system, Greenland another and the Faroe Island a third. However, ecisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. Venezuela Venezuela has three types of main courts Trial courts The 395 running game courts are divided into first instance trial courts and instructional criminal courts. In addition, 667 departmental and municipal courts are assigned the lowest level cases. Superior Courts There are 173 Superior courts that primarily act as intermediate appellate courts. The dispersion of these courts throughout the country is based on population and political needs.Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the court of last resort. I t is composed of 15 justices who each serve a nine-year term. This Court is divided into three chambers civil, criminal, and civil rights. (Salas, Luis) They also have several types of special courts Military Courts Military courts exercise a considerable amount of authority since their jurisdiction extends to all crimes committed by members of the armed forces and on-duty police officers. Many persons have criticized this system, viewing it as a barrier to the successful prosecution of human rights abuses committed by the police and military.Military courts extend their jurisdiction to civilians accused of crimes under the military code, for example treason or subversion. Anti-corruption Court The anti-corruption court (Tribunal de Salvaguardia Del Patrimonio Publico) was established with specific and sometimes extraordinary powers, to investigate and punish corruption. While corruption cases may be tried in the first instance by the traditional court system, these special courts h ave second instance jurisdiction. They also serve as trial courts for cases involving corruption by high-level officials.Even though their jurisdictional powers are extensive, they have been afforded meager resources to carry out their responsibilities. Family/Juvenile Courts Another set of courts handle family matters and juvenile cases. Juveniles are processed through special courts and then remanded to juvenile correctional facilities. (Salas) Corrections Denmark In Denmark, the correctional service controls 15 prisons, one institution for inmates needing psychiatric treatment, and 40 local jails.Five of the prisons and the psychiatric institution are closed in that they are secured by an external ring jetty as well as by internal precautions like secured buildings, and electronic security systems combined with relatively dense staffing. The staff does not carry arms. macrocosm used as remand detention institutions, the local jails are also closed. The remaining nine prisons ar e open institutions which actually means that the inmates are physically able to leave the institution. Two of the closed prisons have both male and female inmates. In one of these prisons there is cohabitation between men and women within units.There are also two open prison departments for women. While serving his sentence the inmate is obliged to work for which he is paid a small hourly salary. The prison administration tries to ensure that the working places equate those found in modern society. In order to encourage inmates to educate themselves the same amount is paid to inmates who choose to go to the prison school instead of going to work. The prison provides health care and necessary dental care. Sick inmates will be hospitalized in ordinary hospitals. The policies of the correctional service are governed by the following three principles A.Normalization. As a starting point the inmate is placed in the open prison closest to his home in order to preserve family contacts and to pave the way for a gradual release from the prison. There must be specific reasons for instituting control of inmates correspondence. Visits by next-of-kin take place in secluded visiting rooms with a couch. In the open prisons weekend leaves are apt(p) every third week to prisoners with a low risk of recidivism. A prisoner in a closed institution may obtain standardised rights to weekend leave when he has served one fourth of his sentence.At some time during incarceration about one third of the prisoners in closed prisons are granted occasional leaves. The total number of leaves per year is about 57,000. More than half of these are so-called work leaves where an inmate leaves the prison to go to work or to take part in educational activities in society. B. Self-administration. The inmate is responsible for his own daily life. Important elements of this approach are that food must be bought and cooked by the inmate to which end he is paid a fixed amount of money per day.The in mate is also responsible for his personal hygiene, clothes wash and repair. The prison encourages the inmates to make meaningful use of leisure hours by providing opportunity for sports and other structuralized activities. C. Release on parole and after-care. According to a provision of the Criminal Code more than 90% of the inmates are released on parole after having served two thirds of their sentences. Almost 10% of these will be released after serving between one half and two thirds of the time, due to special grounds. Royal pardon is possible according to the Constitution, but rare.Outside of imprisonment for life which necessitates the use of pardoning, princely pardon is more commonly used in connection with short-term sentences where the convicted cannot endure the prison stay because of severe illness or the like. In such cases the pardon is normally conditioned on the payment of a fine. (Dr. Winslow, Robert) Venezuela Typical penalties in Venezuela include fines, restitu tion, probation, and incarceration. Some crimes carry mandatory prison sentences which prohibit too soon release. The death penalty in Venezuela was abolished in the mid 1860s.The prison population in Venezuela is 40% over its stated capacity. Overcrowding is regarded as a primary component in the high level of violence within prisons, which resulted in an average of 3 prisoner deaths per week in 1992. Venezuela, like many of its Latin American countries, has incorporated the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners in its national legislation. However, a recent human rights director of the Venezuelan Attorney Generals Office has criticized the conditions of the nations prisons.As a consequence of government neglect, the prisoners live in overcrowded and unhealthy quarters, without access to education, and lacking incentives to seek jobs once they are released. (Salas) References Birkbeck, Christopher Venezuela World Fact obligate of Criminal Justice Sy stems http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfcjsvz. txt CIA World Fact Book https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/da. html Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela In the United States of America http//www. embavenezus. org/? pagina=kids. venezuela/political. system. tm=Venezuela%20for%20Kids Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark http//www. ambmoskva. um. dk/en/menu/InfoDenmark/danish+political+and+social+affairs/ Ravn, Lene Denmark World Fact Book of Criminal Justice Systems http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjden. txt Salas, Luis Florida International University Venezuela World Fact Book of Criminal Justice http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/ascii/wfbcjven. txt Visit Denmark http//www. visitdenmark. com/uk/en-gb/menu/turist/turistinformation/fakta-az/ Wikipedia www. en. wikipedia. org Dr. Winslow, Robert San Diego State University Crime and Society

Examine the Reasons for Changes in the Patterns of Marriage, Cohabitation and Divorce Essay

Examine the reasons for sorts in the patterns of marriage, divorce and liveation all(a) over the past 40 years. The patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years has varied considerably. In 1972, over 480,000 couples got married subsequently making this the highest amount of marriages within a year ever since the Second World War. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) this was down to the corrupt boom generation of the 1950s reaching the age of marriage. However, after this period, the second of marriages in England went into stock.Recently, marriages reached an all- clock time low in 2005 when only 244,701 couples got married. Less than half of what it was in 1972. Some passel accuse federation of rejecting marriage and ar no longer bothered ab fall out it but, statistics prove otherwise. These statistics reveal that people argon, in fact, delaying marriage. It is say that people most people will marry later in life, most likely aft er a period of cohabitation. Reasons for this may be that couples are being wary before making any serious commitments.Proof that curbs the marrying later in life idea is that the average age of a bride in 2003 was 29 and all grooms 31 years old compared with 22 for women and 24 for men in 1971. Specifically, women may want to delay marriage for reasons such as advancing in their career prospects. Not only is there a drop in the total number of marriages but also a decline in marriage tells (the number of people marrying per 1000 of the population aged 16 and over). Marriage rates are at their lowest since the 1920s and further plummeting. In 1994, the marriage rate was 11. 4 but this had declined to 10. by 2004.The phallic rate declined from 36. 3 in 1994 to 27. 8 in 2004 whilst the female rate declined from 30. 6 to 24. 6. Once more, surveys emphasis that most people, whether single, divorced or cohabitating still see marriage as a desirable life-goal and therefore will embark on married eventually especially if they are having children as they see this as the basis of family life. Another change in the pattern of marriage is that two fifths of all marriages are remarriages. These people are clearly faithful to the foundation of marriage in spite of their previous negative experience of it.The reason for this abridge could possibly be due to their first marriages, which were empty-shell marriages. This is where there is no love or intimacy between them, but the marriage persists for the sake of the children until they are old enough. They business leader then decide to start a new life, including getting remarried. Such options are available to civilization for several reasons. Changes to the attitude of marriage has ensured that there is slight pressure to marry and that there is more handsomedom to choose what type of relationship people want to live in. The norm that every hotshot ought to get married has greatly weakened.This is visible by the d ecline in stigma attached to marriage cohabitation, delaying single and having children outside of marriage is now all regarded as acceptable. Giddens (1993) and Goode (1963) both argue that there is a trend towards adopting Westernised marks of marriage and family structure. They believe that we are slowly moving towards having the free choice of choosing our spouse, that there is a decline in arrange marriage and an increase towards egalitarian marriage and the notion of no sexual experience prior to marriage seems to be changing.Coleman and Salt (1992) also support this view as they believe that traditionalistic views are being challenged by new idea, new economic roles for women, new laws and family planning. Dennis (19840 similarly suggests the same idea claiming that new(a) marriages are fragile and are only held together by emotional ties. He thinks that if these ties fail, then there is little reason for a couple to remain together. Regard slight of the reduction in the overall number of people marrying, married couples are still the main type of dissevernership for men and women in the UK.In 2005, seven in ten families were headed by a married couple. In the terms of Divorce the legal termination of marriage, this has increase immensely since 1971 due to the change in legislation that had liberalized divorce, made it cheaper and easier to obtain. The Divorce Reform Act of 1971 was the most important because prior to 1971, one partner had to provide evidence that they had been wronged by the meaningful other (matrimonial offence). Due to the change of the law, it allowed people to divorce on the basis of irretrievable breakdown.In join onition, since 1984, the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act reduced the time limit for divorce for a minimum of 3 years of marriage to only one year. After this act, the divorce rate shot up again, as it did in 1971. Now, people were finally able to legally to end all connections, as previously when divorce was either too expensive or herculean to obtain, separation was very common, which was when a couple decided to live away from each other. To go into more detail of the trend of increased divorces, in 1993, the number of divorces peaked at 180,000. By 2000, this figure had fallen to 154,000, lthough the years 2001 2004 have seen a gradual rise to 167,100.There is now almost as umpteen divorces as there is marriages and if recent trends continues, almost 40% of marriages will end in divorce. An adequate reason for this increased style of divorcing is that it is no longer connect with stigma and shame. The British culture is hugely based on Christian beliefs and one of these beliefs is that marriage is for life (till death do us part). Nevertheless, over the years secularisation and a change in attitudes has emerged and the view that divorce can lead to greater happiness for the individual is more acceptable.Wilson (1966) agrees with this as he believes that the Christian ideal of lifelong marriage is taken less seriously as less than half of marriages ceremonies are now religious and hardly a(prenominal) couple are regular churchgoers. Another view is that people now have a higher standard of marriage and increased prognosticateation. Fletcher (1966) argues that couples are less likely to put up with doomed empty-shell marriages, thus making divorce more common. However, at the same times, most divorcees remarry, suggesting that they do not reject the institution of marriage but expect more from the relationship.Another reason which contributes to the increase of divorce rates is down to women wanting to improve educational and career opportunities. join on to women employments has ensured for women to be economically and financially independent. So women who were previously stuck in empty-shell marriages because of their inability to support themselves now do not have to. Fletcher greatly agreed with this contention but womens earnings are still less than 755 of mens. Many women are in low paid and part time work, so their opportunities for financial independence are limited.Feminist sociologists note that women expectations of marriage have changed radically over the years. Evidence of this is that 75% of divorce petitions are made by women, indicating dissatisfaction among women with their marriages and their husbands. This can support Thornes and Collards (1979) view that women expect more from marriage than men and the value friendship and emotional gratification more than men do. If the male spouse fails to live up to these expectations, women may feel the deal to search elsewhere.Lastly, Functionalist sociologists argue that high divorce rates indicate that marriage is progressively cute and that people are demanding higher standards from their partners. They believe that couples are not refusing to put up with hopeless, empty-shell marriages as people now want emotionally and sexually compatibility, and par as well as companionship. It is a fact that some will even go through various people just to search for the one and if they marry every time they meet a new partner, then they are obviously going to contributing to the rising divorce rates.Cohabitation is a trend that has been on the rise for the last decade. The proportion of non-married people cohabiting has risen sharply in the last 20 years from 11% of men and 13% of women in 1986 to 24% and 25% respectively. In 2007, the Office for Nation Statistics (ONS) suggested that cohabitating couples are the fastest growing type of family in Britain. For instance, there are around 2. 2 trillion cohabiting couples with or without children and about a quarter of all unmarried adults under 60 are now cohabiting double the number in 1986.This specific form of relationship has increased by 65% since 1997. In addition, the ONS data suggested that a third of teenagers in 2007 were destined to cohabit rather than marry compared with one in ten of their g randparents. As gathered, the trend is on the rise, raising a few questions from researchers as to why this is happening. One reason would be that people like to cohabit to test the water. During this period, they (the couple) will assess and analyse each other to see if they are well-matched and whether they will be able to live with one some other before making any serious commitments.After all, cohabitation on average lasts 5 years, which from then on 60% of cohabitees will then join in matrimony. Another reason for the increase of cohabitation is that there are a significant number of people who live together whilst in the process of divorce. For example, in 2005, 23% of cohabiting men were separated from former partners while 36% were divorced. So granting a person may be married, they have separated and moved into another augury to live with as person they have met. This will be then considered as a cohabitee.A third reason contributing to the rise of cohabitation is that pe ople are baffled by the cost of marriages. According to Wedding Guide UK, the average cost of a traditional wedding in the UK is around ? 11,000. To add to this, some people are putt off by the religious ceremony of marriage. Britain has over time grown to become a secular society. some(prenominal) these factors will make people refrain from marrying because in their eyes they see it as long as they are happily together, they do not need a ring or a piece of paper to prove anything else. Women do not want to marry as much anymore with increased career opportunities.Most women feel that there is less need to go throw the hassle for the financial security of marriage as they are free to opt for cohabitation. However many argue that the relationship between cohabitation and marriage is not clear cut since for some couples, cohabitation is just a step on the way of getting married, whereas for others it is a permanent alternative to marriage. Chester (1985) argues that for most people cohabitation is part of the process of getting married. For example, according to Ernestina Coast (2006) 75% of cohabiting couples say they expect to marry each other.On the other hand, some couples see cohabitation as permanent substitute to marriage. Andre Bejin (1985) argues that cohabitation among some young people represents a conscious judge to create a more personally negotiated and equal relationship than conventional patriarchal for example Shelton and John (1993) found that women who cohabit do less abode work than married women This would appeal to women as it relieves them of the worry of balancing both house work and their daily jobs which women of marriages do have to worry about. Many sociologists are now claiming that marital breakdown is the norm of todays society.Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) argue rising divorce rates are the products of a rapidly changing world in which the traditional rules, rituals and tradition of love, romance and relationships no longer a pply. Whereas Functionalist Robert Chester (1985) insists that even though there are new ways of living, the nuclear family will not die out but instead conform to the new traditions of todays society. Morgan (1996) and Giddens (1991) both similarly argue that divorce may have physical harm to each individual that it brings freedom and opportunity to humanity.Morgan claims that the more divorce and re-marriages increase, the more we find ourselves part of many different families at the same time and this effects who we think we are. Giddens, in one case again, shadows Morgans views by saying that divorce offers people the chance to reassess who they are. In conclusion, there have many changes in the institution of marriage. Many argue that society will no longer be the same. This is considered to be very realistic as all human actions change over time.

The Worker Next Door

In the sample The Worker Next Door pen by Dr. Chris Chiswick, the author addresses the illegal immigrant caper in America, and gives several questionable reasons how if the flow of illegal immigrants were deterred, jobs would still be filled, and liveness would go on as usual, or even better. Dr. Chiswick wrote a non too convincing essay, having many places where he could have improved or even left out received parts of his essay that would have made this writing better, and more realistic to his audience.I spotted a couple areas where the author went on a topaz of barely related areas to illegal immigration. Along with that, it doesnt really seem like he tried to appeal to ethos too much, but gives some tutelage to logos and pathos early on in the essay and at the end. The first paragraph of this essay is a rhetorical question that asks how different life would be if illegal immigrants were not in the rude doing low-class, low-skilled, and low-wage jobs that most Americans would not do.This question is a good way to start the essay, making the reader speak up a little, and get more interested in the topic while also revealing the authors purpose to persuade the reader into thinking that illegal immigration is not necessary for the American economy. This purpose is hinted throughout the course of the essay, but is most obvious in his thesis in paragraph eight. As the essay progresses, it becomes clearer that Chiswicks audience is the American public who live in states with high illegal immigration, specifically from Mexico, as his title so subtly states.Not so subtle in his essay however, is his claim in the third to last paragraph, where he states that Less frequent lawn mowing and washing of hotel sheets and towels would curve air, noise, and water pollution in the bargain. . Chiswick can have all the Ph. D. s in the world, but its not going to hold in illegal immigration from Mexico a realistic strain on pollution in America. While the author ma y not do too well on appealing to ethos, he does make an attempt to make up for it on logos, when he gives data from the U. S. ensus, saying that 64% of lowskill jobs were done by native born Americans while only 36% were foreign born.The problem that I had with this is that no where in this statistic does it mention illegal aliens, which this essay is supposedly about. If illegal immigration is such a big concern for this man, then wherefore does he have to resort to a barely related statistic to get support from? This leaves us to the last appeal available, pathos. Chiswick used pathos most patently and strongly in the last paragraph, with a hint of ethos, to give a final attempt in convincing his readers.His entire essay up to this post is about how America would be far better off economically without illegal immigration from Mexico, but then he quickly turns from criticizing and blaming aliens to praising the reputation of the American public and economy. If his strong attem pt at the use of ethics by showing he knows a little American history does not impress a simple high school student, I cant imagine what his informed, educated, and mature audience would think. Have you noticed how in this really essay, there doesnt seem to be a nice flow between topics, and that things may at times, seem fairly irrelevant to the subject at hand?This is how i felt while reading The Worker Next Door. Chiswicks organization is flawed, jumping from claim to claim without any real club between the two. It might be just me, but I dont really see the link between suggesting bad hygiene ( Hotels and motels could reduce the frequency of changing sheets and towels to every third day) and how home owners could switch grass species. If Chiswick knew his audience properly, he would know that Americans are generally lazy, and we are acquiring lazier(CNN).At first, I thought Chiswick was a reasonable guy. He pull downed out how places with little to no illegal immigration stil l had groceries bagged, lawns cut, and hotel sheets changed. But what he failed to point out was that these places are usually small towns out in the middle of nowhere, where the standard of living is lower, and the local economy is stagnant. Not fully thinking his bidding through hurt the credibility of his essay, and the ridiculous claim that illegal immigration contributes to our pollution is absurd.Chiswicks essay could have been much better than this. Someone who has a Ph. D. in economics and is writing a persuasive essay should have many more sources, facts, and realistic examples. The strongest case Chiswick could come up with is that immigration is whimsical down the living standards for low-skilled workers, as if he were writing his essay to help them out. But these workers arent immigrating to a lower standard of living. Theyre immigrating to a country that has a much higher standard of living, even for low-income workers.

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay

Whilst reading vocalizers ideas of a global village in which a person is obligated to helper someone in need regard little of proximity, has lesson bearing, but also portrays a rather one sided view of what we consider as helping other starving nations in need. For example, approximately 1 in 8 the Statesns live below the poverty line, in saying this the question comes to mind, why we should be concerned with poverty in other nations without first curse about our own problems.When presented with Singers views concerning helping other third world nations and the guilty spirit he implies through and through his article, it is imperative that the reader not get so wrapped up into whats best for the global community and start thinking whats best for each sovereign nation. I do not fully disagree with the points presented by Peter Signer, but, I whole step that industrialized nations such as America are facing their own problems that must be resolved first before we mass start worr ying about other nations.For example, American families are being forced to pay interest on a debt that was created out of thin air, by this I am referring to the current economic institution known as the Federal Reserve which has been a bradawl in the side of every taxpaying American, it was the federal reserve act of 1913, which would force the American people into Inflation, Deflation, never ending debt, slavery, and bondage through funds created out of thin air and sold to the treasury, at interest, for its bonds, which are guaranteed by the American taxpayer.According to the Human poverty index, the United States runed 16th, which is one rank below the United Kingdom (Thoren & Warner, pg. 23). I feel these problems should be solved first, before we concern ourselves with what is happening with other countries around the world.Whilst arguing what I feel will be of the most benefit to the uncouth in which I live, I feel that once these problems are solved, it would be wise to help other nations, not just because of the business relationships that could develop through such processes, but also because of the global image such feats would produce.For example, during World War two, America authentic a weapon thats strength was unknown until its time, the Atomic Bomb. The Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in 1945, and in an effort to reduce tension amid the United States and those notions within the region of Hiroshima, the United States helped rebuild Hiroshima. The point in all this being that by helping other nations the United States can rent new allies and develop lasting business relationships.Furtherto a greater extent, Peter Singer claims that although there is a common distinction between duty and supererogation, this does not warrant such a distinction. I feel that it is morally right to contribute to those nations which are less fortunate than we are, but this view of morality must be in accordance with a moral code the ordinary man can re late to. For instance, the ordinary man, being asked to do things he/she considers unnecessary, could result in a general breakdown of compliance amongst the citizens of that particular country.As stated earlier, there must be a balance between the step of aid we permit other countries to have, and the amount of aid we give ourselves. How can one nation help another, if that nation is suffering from the same conditions? It is imperative to the survival of America that its economic system is sound, and its industry provides enough decent paying jobs for its citizens. Considering Americas current situation, I strongly feel that certain major problems, such as unemployment and the countrys economic system should be the first priority, then helping other countries in need would be the second most important priority.Singers article contains many parallels with the pervious viewpoints discussed, on page six he state We ought to be preventing as much suffering as we can without sacrificin g something else of comparable value (Singer, pg 5). This statement contains much wisdom. Singers view point considering those citizens who have accumulated extraordinary amounts of wealth, and the need for them to give there surplus wealth to the less fortunate closely resembles the theology of many religious institutions.While although I believe that those citizens that are more fortunate than others should be more swayed to donate an amount greater than those individuals who are less fortunate, I do not believe they should be obligated to do so. If those individuals, who worked hard, and accumulated an extraordinary, amount of wealth, were forced to donate more than those who are less fortunate, the system itself would be incredibly flawed. Many people forget that many of those individuals who have accumulated vast amounts of wealth did so through running a successful business, which, in some instances, employs a great number of people. When forcing such individuals to donate mor e, employee wages could be affected.In conclusion, while I do not agree with every point made by Mr. Peter Singer, I feel that helping developing nations is an essential aspect in developing peaceful relationships amongst nations. Furthermore, it is essential that citizens involved in helping developing countries should not be forced to pay more than they can afford without step-down their standard of living. It is imperative that underdeveloped nations receive the help needed, but also the citizens contributing to those nations donate an amount that can be agreed upon.ReferencesThoren & Warner. The Truth in Money Book. Chagrin Falls Ohio, 1986Signer, Peter. Famine, Affluence, and Morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs1972

Bernie Madoff

In December 2008 Bernie Mad polish off was arrested under the suspicion of blind. His W in all Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff enthronisation Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this telephoner done its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes much(prenominal) as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company control been around for years the eldest existence Charles Ponzis scheme in the 1900s. Madoff made write up through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds of all time.Madoff pulled the fraud off by pickings money from investors and charities, and promising huge re pass ons. Huge returns are exactly what his investors get as well. Madoff was able to miraculously grant his investors money with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff later on eyesight much(prenominal) great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others conceptualize the company couldve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person romp thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be neat leadinghip. Madoffs clients were often multiplication people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed echty, intelligence, and arrogance, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, simply also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his regale of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a dedicateoff to another.A process so simple end up do thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud reach numbers game upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoff s general employees didnt know that the company was a scam but his specialized congregation of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more than satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having lodge in rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns werent coming back as high. Even when it wasnt plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually beholding these high relate rates.Some felt obligated to notify the SEC during times interchangeable this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didnt smell like the allegations were wort h any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to no thing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty hand after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didnt compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, compile responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the patronage as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a heartrending threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a neat leader and credit line owner, it was all in abortive due to his lack of honest standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his inv estors.Madoff did apologize for his actions saying, I cannot adequately take out how dirty I am for what I pay done. Madoff indeed cant express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, its assumed that the public isnt going to have much sympathy. Madoff aim a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. nearly operations such as his dont make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track its like a snowball effect. Madoff wasnt technically any closer to the cap as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme he was just roster a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics bu t others would include Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics enigma is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his stave in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. voracity was obviously one of Madoffs downfalls as well, due to the massive count of money he dealt with all day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didnt feel it necessary to do what he was saying he was doing with the peoples money. These braggy characteristics are what led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. Its unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 its a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff couldve been if he wouldve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff did have people trust him for a long period of time but his lies caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there wont be a situation like Madoffs which ended in total abomination. Works Cited Scam of the Century Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.Bernie MadoffIn December 2008 Bernie Madoff was arrested under the suspicion of fraud. His Wall Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this company through its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes such as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company have been around for years the first being Charles Ponzis scheme in the 1900s. Madoff made history through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds ever.Madoff pulled the fraud off by taking money from investors and charities, and promising huge returns. Huge returns are exactly what his investors received also. Madoff was able to miraculously make his investors mon ey with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff after seeing such great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others believe the company couldve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person trick thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be good leadership. Madoffs clients were often times people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed honesty, intelligence, and confidence, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, but also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his process of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a payoff to another.A process so simple ended up causing thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud r each numbers upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoffs general employees didnt know that the company was a scam but his specialized group of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having interest rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns werent coming back as high. Even when it wasnt plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually seeing these high interest rates.Some felt obligated t o notify the SEC during times like this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didnt feel like the allegations were worth any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to nothing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty handed after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didnt compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, collected responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the business as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a serious threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a good leader and business owner, it was all in vain du e to his lack of ethical standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his investors.Madoff did apologize for his actions saying, I cannot adequately express how sorry I am for what I have done. Madoff indeed cant express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, its assumed that the public isnt going to have much sympathy. Madoff set a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. Most operations such as his dont make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track its like a snowball effect. Madoff wasnt technically any closer to the top as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme h e was just rolling a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics but others would include Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics problem is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his staff in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. Greed was obviously one of Madoffs downfalls as well, due to the massive amount of money he dealt with every day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didnt feel it necessar y to do what he was saying he was doing with the peoples money. These bad characteristics are what led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. Its unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 its a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff couldve been if he wouldve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff d id have people trust him for a long period of time but his lies caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there wont be a situation like Madoffs which ended in total abomination. Works Cited Scam of the Century Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

Issues on Paying College Athletes

For several age amateurism has posed a big controversy in college sports. Being a professional athlete is make the final cut, this is when athletes fit paid for their talents for the use of entertainment. The athletes are prone contr issues due to their level of skill and performance. College is for students to clear an look ating up and prepare for a career. Most athletes go out college to get an instruction just in gaucherie they befoolt make it to a professional sport level. College athleticism could be considered a stepping stone, it is a preparation stage for student athletes hoping to move on to the professional level.M some(prenominal) athletes attend college and reanimate sports, solely when they get to the professional level, they still arent capable of performing as well as expected. This is non the case with every athlete though, some of these young amateurs hit the professional league and explode and acquire beyond their expectations. Some of the collegiate athletes hit the professionals and perform better than experienced veterans. In the light of these events, the forefront Should college players be paid? is much posed.This question has been tossed around for a good number of years. It has probably been discussed since forrader college basketb either game players began to leave school early to become pro. As a college athlete I often feel that I deserve something extra, but every time I feel this way I always end up re-evaluating the situation. Once Ive actually thought through the situation, I comm solo come to the conclusion that college athletes are already being paid. The education we receive and the experience of earning a college distributor point has no price value.This is the resembling thing South Florida coach Seth Greenberg stated when he was asked should college basketball players be paid? in a series of questions asked by The Tampa Tribune (available at tampabayonline. net/final4/q&a. htm). It is a particular that college athletes generate millions of dollars of revenue for universities, but despite the question, in that location are very important facts that are unmarked when it comes to discussing this issue. As I stated earlier, it is fact that college athletic programs produce a large sum of silver.This bills usually comes through television rights fees, bowl games, ticket sales and opposite means. In light of these facts, umteen believe that student athletes deserve more than just a scholarship or grant for their efforts. These facts could use up one to conclusion that the financial arrangements between universities and student-athletes are unfairly balanced in the favor of the college institutions. in that location are more hidden facts that explain the impossibilities to pay our student athletes. At Notre Dame, for example, grants-in-aid to student-athletes are worth or so $5 million a annually.Add that to the millions of dollars spent on travel, housing, equipment, he alth care and several separate cost and pretty soon, you are talking about big time money. So, while athletes generate millions of dollars for universities, there are also millions of dollars in expenses, most of which directly assist the student-athletes. Even at smaller colleges that do not generate as much money as the universities, the money generated through the sporting events usually invested in equipment and other necessities for the student-athletes.In other words, it is a two-way street, college athletes are well compensated, in other words well paid already. Without college most of Americas young athletes wouldnt even get the exposure needed to make an impression on for the professional leagues. The system has been around and working for more years now, the thought of changing the rules to enable college athletes to be paid seems to me as a total act of greed. As stated by Mark (emailprotected net) in an article found at www. mhoops. com the whole decayed show is rift of greed in my opinion.It is a fact that CBS forks over $3 billion, this is proof (in their minds) that they dont need to change anything. I feel that if this money were cut, they would change things as quickly as possible. I see athletes being paid in college as a disadvantage, not only to the less(prenominal) wealthy schools who wouldnt be able to have the better players, but to the student/athletes as well. I feel that the colleges with the most money, and the wealthiest alumnis ordain always have the very surmount teams in college sports if this happens, this volition leave the less wealthy colleges with the bottom of the barrel players.How could you expect the less wealthy schools to ever succeed? How fair could this rule transition be? Paying players to attend a school is cheating them of the education they would have gotten better at another school to give them a better chance at winning a game of football, basketball, or what ever kind of sport they play. Sports are not promising, any athlete could have a career ending injury at anytime however, the education they receive lead always be able to open doors for them. Another reason why I feel that college athletes shouldnt be paid is because it is too expensive.Many colleges are not on the best budget. Some and make enough money to support their team sports. CBS college basketball analyst Bill Packer, in the same Tampa Tribune question series listed above states Its a moot question (Should college athletes be paid? ). under(a) Title IX, what colleges do for one sport it has to do for all. Because of that, the funds arent available to pay students from from each one of a schools athletic programs. Paying basketball players is thrown out a lot in discussion, but if people understood the process of Title IX, they would realize gainful players would be an impossibility.This is something easily understandable, if colleges could afford this kind of money then they should be able to afford more and be tter scholarships. College is a steer for education. Many people look at the money generated by college sports and start to imply that the athletes bringing this money in should benefit from it. These same people never seem to see that the college athletes already are. If these students were never given scholarships to attend these colleges then they probably wouldnt be there.The same athletes you see playing the many distinguishable sports they play in college, would more than likely be playing these same sports back home in the neighborhood just for fun if they werent attending college. This makes you wonder why cant they play sports in college without being paid? there isnt much of a difference. The opportunity to get an education should be enough, too many people get caught up in the money though. The world of sports has changed tremendously because of greed. Professionalism is the level when athletes get paid. Paying college players would completely eliminate amateurism.Tha t would make college players professional, but professionals are supposed to be the best of the best, the cream of the crop and all college athletes are not amongst the best so why should they be paid? Under the article of Title IX, stipendiary one player means paying them all, and paying one sport means paying all sports in an institution, since all collegiate athletes arent the best players it seems to be a waist of money. The idea of paying college athletes is very demeaning. Since it is a known fact that many athletes do not go to class, and stay involved in many mix-ups, the idea would only bring away more comodity.I think paying college athletes would bring in more students who have no exercise in college besides playing sports. This would also affect the population at many schools. I also feel that this would be asking for more incidents and to occur. As many athletes get involved in violations at universities with partying, drinking, and drugs, one would think that these rates would rise with several students who have no intentions on decent educated on campus. This matter could be stereotypical, but at the same time it is a fact that several athletes drop out, flunk out, or are kicked out of school.My position is to keep them out, and not paying college athletes is one of the major ways to do so. If college athletes begin to get paid everyone will want to attend and for many that would be the only reason. This is not what college is designed for. College is a task, an opportunity, not a job, but it will prepare you for one in the future, if you prove yourself there then you will be paid. The principle is that the only way to eliminate this question would be to pay the college athletes, but that would produce a great resist in the population of education.To perform a task such as colleges would have to drop all scholarship college sports and allow colleges either to run Division III programs or own minor league teams where the players are paid (u nder some salary cap) but they wouldnt need to be college students. That would bring forth the problem of distinguishing getting the best students in a college and getting the best players. . I think that would make out away from our society and economics, leaving us with fewer professionals. College athletes should not be paid, this would eliminate the sole purpose of attending college. Who would attend class.

The Importance and Application of Principles of Management in the Present Day Context

The aim of all good modern organizations is to reconcile the organizational settle (whether this be profit for sh beholders, or cost-effective services delivery, in the case of public services) with the fills and feelings of masses (staff, customers, suppliers, topical anaesthetic communities, stakeholders, etc) with proper consideration for the planet the world we live in (in terms of sustainability, environment, wildlife, natural resources, our heritage, mediocre trade, different cultures and societies, etc) and at all times acting with probity encompassing love, integrity, compassion, honesty, and truth.Probity enables the other potentially conflicting aims to be harmonized so that the mix is sustainable, ethical and successful. pic Traditional inward-looking anxiety and leadership skills (which historically considered only the purpose typically profit and the methods for achieving it) are no longer sufficient for sustainable organizational success. Organizations a djudge a far wider agenda now. Management Management is the process of r each(prenominal)ing organizational goals by working with people and other resources.Or knowing what you want people to do, and then getting them to do it the best way. Managers must distil on reaching organizational goals, and they should use their resources to accomplish those goals. For many years the solicitude process has been shared out into principles, sometimes called functions. Some sources will state that in that location are five principles and others will say there are four. Here we will use four planning, organizing, influencing, and controlling. Some people use decision fashioning as a fifth principle, but we will use decision devising as element of the planning process.Also, some use leading instead of influencing, but we like the term influencing better. Management is a continuing process, and managers are always involved in some way with these principles. These principles are designed to military service managers accomplish organizational objectives, and good managers will use them. These principles are not isolated but are interwoven throughout the managers thoughts and actions. Managers must combine and coordinate these principles and must maximize their encourage to achieve their goals.Managers strive to be effective and efficient and these principles help them. These management principles are universal and applicable to all types of straines and organizations The basic ideas regarding scientific management developed. They include the following Developing new standard methods for doing each job Selecting, training, and developing workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves Developing a spirit of cooperation among workers and management to ensure that work is carried out in accordance with devised procedures Dividing work between workers and management in almost equal shares, with each group taking over the work for whic h it is best fitted Principles of Management The principles of management derive their significance from their utility. They provide useful insights to managerial behavior and influence managerial practices. Managers may take for these principles to fulfill their tasks and responsibilities. Principles guide managers in taking and implementing decisions. It may be appreciated that everything worthwhile is governed by an vestigial principle.The quest of the management theorists has been and should be to unearth the underlying principles with a view to using these under crying circumstances as a matter of management habit. pic The significance of principles of management can be discussed in terms of the following points Providing managers with useful insights into reality The principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real world situations. tenderness to these principles will add to their knowledge, ability and concord of managerial situations and circ umstances.It will likewise enable managers to learn from ultimo mistakes and conserve time by solving recurring problems quickly. As such(prenominal) management principles increase managerial efficiency. For example, a manager can leave routine decision-making to his subordinates and deal with exceptional situations which require her/his expertise by following the principles of delegation. Optimum utilization of resources and effective administration Resources both human and material available with the association are limited. They have to be gear up to optimum use.By optimum use we mean that the resources should be put to use in such a manner that they should give maximum benefit with minimum cost. Principles habilitate the managers to foresee the cause and effect relationships of their decisions and actions. As such the wastages associated with a trial-and-error approach can be overcome. Principles of management limit the boundary of managerial discretion so that their deci sions may be free from personalised prejudices and preconceptiones Scientific decisions Decisions must be based on facts, thoughtful and justifiable in terms of the mean purposes.They must be timely, realistic and subject to measurement and evaluation. Management principles help in thoughtful decision-making. They punctuate logic rather than blind faith. Management decisions taken on the basis of principles are free from bias and prejudice. They are based on the objective assessment of the situation. Meeting ever-changing environment requirements Although the principles are in the nature of general guidelines but they are modified and as such help managers to meet changing requirements of the environment.You have already studied that management principles are flexible to adapt to dynamic business environment. For example, management principles emphasize division of work and specialization. In modern times this principle has been extended to the entire business whereby companie s are specializing in their core competency and divesting non-core businesses. In this context, one may cite the decision of Hindustan prize Limited in divesting non-core businesses of chemicals and seeds. Some companies are outsourcing their non-core activities like share-transfer management and advertising to outside agencies.So much so, that level core processes such as R&D, manufacturing and marketing are being outsourced today. Fulfilling social responsibility The diverseness magnitude advisedness of the public, forces businesses especially limited companies to fulfill their social responsibilities. Management theory and management principles have excessively evolved in response to these demands. Moreover, the interpretation of the principles also assumes newer and contemporary meanings with the change in time. So, if one were to talk of impartiality today, it does not apply to wages alone.Value to the customer, care for the environment, and dealings with business assoc iates would all come under the vista of this principle. Management training, education and research Principles of management are at the core of management theory. As such these are used as a basis for management training, education and research. You must be aware that entrance to management institutes is preceded by management aptitude tests. Do you think that these tests could have been developed without an understanding of management principles and how they may be applied in different situations?These principles provide basic groundwork for the victimization of management as a discipline. Principles of Scientific Management In the earlier days of the Industrial Revolution, in the absence of an established theory of factory organization, factory owners or managers relied on personal judgment in attending to the problems they confronted in the course of managing their work. This is what is referred to as rule of thumb. Managing factories by rule of thumb enabled them to shell ou t the situations as they arose but suffered from the limitation of a trial and error approach.For their experiences to be emulated, it was important to know what whole kit and caboodle and why does it work. For this, there was a need to follow an approach that was based on the method of science- delimitate a problem, developing alternative solutions, anticipating consequences, measuring progress and drawing conclusions The Main principles of management applied today are Division of Work Work is divided into small tasks/jobs. A trained specialist who is fitting is required to perform each job. Thus, division of work leads to specialization. Specialization produces more(prenominal) and better work with the very(prenominal) effort. potential and responsibility Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. A manager has official authority because of her position, as well as personal authority based on individual personality, intelligence, and experience. Authority creates responsibility. Discipline Discipline is the obedience to organizational rules and employment agreement which are necessary for the working of the organization. harmonize to Fayol, discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties. Unity of hold An employee should receive orders from only one superior. Unity of Direction Organizational activities must have one underlying authority and one plan of action. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest The interests of one employee or group of employees are subordinate to the interests and goals of the organization. Remuneration of personnel Salaries the price of services rendered by employees should be fair and provide satisfaction both to the employee and employer. Centralization and De centralization The concentration of decision-making authority is called centralization whereas its dispersal among more than one person is known as decentralization. The objective of centralization is the best utilization of personnel. The degree of centralization varies according to the dynamics of each organization. Scalar Chain An organization consists of superiors and subordinates. The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain. Order Organizational order for materials and personnel is essential.The right materials and the right employees are necessary for each organizational function and activity. Equity In organizations, equity is a combination of charity and justice. Both equity and equality of treatment should be considered when dealing with employees. Stability of tenure of personnel To enter upon the maximum productivity of personnel, a stable work force is needed. Initiative Thinking out a plan and ensuring its success is an extremely strong motivator. Zeal, energy, and initiative are desired at all levels of the organizational ladder. Esprit de corps Teamwork is fundament ally important to an organization. Work teams and extensive face-to-face verbal communication encourages teamwork. Change management is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. When leaders or managers are planning to manage change, there are five key principles that need to be unbroken in mind Different people react differently to change Everyone has fundamental needs that have to be met Change often involves a loss, and people go through the loss curve Expectations need to be managed realistically Fears have to be dealt withHow to apply the above principles when managing change Give people choices to make, and be honest well-nigh the possible consequences of those choices. Where it is possible to do so, give individuals opportunity to deliver their concerns and provide reassurances also to help assuage potential fears. Give people information be open and honest about the facts, but dont give overoptimistic speculation. For large groups, p roduce a communication strategy that ensures information is disseminated efficiently and comprehensively to everyone (dont let the grapevine take over). Keep observing good management practice, such as making time for informal discussion and feedback (even though the pressure might seem that it is reasonable to let such things slip during difficult change such practices are even more important). Give people time, to express their views, and support their decision making, providing coaching, counseling or information as appropriate, to help them through the loss curve. Where the change involves a loss, identifies what will or might deputize that loss loss is easier to cope with if there is something to replace it. This will help assuage potential fears.