How you define the term ‘profit’ in terms of the changes that Hussain adopted to move one business to another Essay Example for Free

How you define the term lucre in terms of the changes that Hussain simulate to move virtuoso wrinkle to another EssayQuestion 8 How you define the term profit in terms of the changes that Hussain adopted to move one business to another?The term profit that Hussain earned when he changed from one to another business is the result of success as he willing to take chances and risks. He started from zero and his creative business minds be the ladder of sucess to him. A lot of challenge that he had approach draw in he became a cracking entrepreneur nowaday. He had struggled very much to expand his business in other word to change and overcome his miserable circumstances. We earth-closet condition the profit that Hussain gained from his small business as chocolates hawker to became an entreprenuer is started with his first petty step. He started the business with interchange chocolate at the market for the branch of his business is because he want help his family. As the br ead earner replaced his illness father, he must search income to support basic needs of the family. He is lucky because although omans economy grow at thelower level those day, his small business still growing faster. But, due to the rising price index, he had impediment to make ends meet. This difficulty had bring him to another business which gave him more profit than the profit of chocolate sale. He found a new avenues in business by started selling book. When he made a comparative analysis between the two product, chocolate and book, he realized that the percentage profit he gained by selling a book is very high than selling a chocolate. He use this good opportunity to change his business from a chocolate hawker to become a bookseller. So, he gained more profit. From this changes, we go off see the profit that he had gained by changing the product. Then, Hussain not longer selling chocolate. He focused to the book sale. He had found a new way of a profitable business by sellin g book. But, he faced difficulty to bring many book everyday and return with them the next day. This situation leads him to find the alternaltive to solve this problem. Finally, he got a brilliant persuasion. He make a decision to convert his late fathers steel workshop where are had rented to become a bookstall. He try to convince his uncle that idea and because his sophisticated way of looking at thing differently made his uncle proud and agree with him. So, husin managed to open his own bookshop and it became the first bookshop in the village. he was the sole book seller at his village and this situation had bring him to became a sucess book seller at the village. So, we can see the gain that he had done by change the wayof his business from a book hawker to became an owner of bookshop. Hussains teacher had make he mind a new great idea.It started when his teacher gave him a mission to buy some gifts at the market. hussain brought the required gifts as his teacher order but w ith a cheaper price. Another teacher heard about that and asked him to do the same ones. This condition made he think that he should selling the same product as the teacher want. This idea bring him to provide products that were used as gifts such as pens, pencils, notebooks and other conditions needs. Since that, he became popular not whole at his school but also in other schools. He able to explore more opportunity in businees by convinced the school to buy from his bookshop. So, from this we can see that he was success in converting the bookshop concept to became more wide concept. Hussain again change his business. He sold his bookshop with high price then he opened a new company. He established a new company for assurance supplies not out-of-the-way(prenominal) away from the bookshop. This is a good techniques for him as a alternative to reduce the cost at once increase the profit and income. Because the buyer of bookshop can not go through the business challenge, he failed and close the bookshop permanently. Hussain closed the new office and reopened the bookshop. He relocated the office that he had closed in the bookshop for serving wholesale. But the bookshop still served individual customers. So, customer can buy from the bookshop and at the same time, the wholesale buyers can see the product and test them before placing order. He can reduce the cost facilitate his work. Finally, hussain succeeded to convert his bookshop into a big company for office supplies. With the new technology just entered the country made his work more easier. He started provide new office equipment suah as printers, photocopies and other related devices to the customers. Then, he became a major supplier of various stationery and office suplies. His company was developed with very advanced and he became an icon for leadership and entrepeneurial fields. We can see the high profit that hussain gained when he convert his bookshop into a big company. For the conclusion, from this case, Hussain who is the Sultanate of Oman have proved that hardship make people stronger. He proved that people can earned more profit if they are wise in taking opportunity and willingness to take risks in business.

Police Control of Juveniles Essay Example for Free

legal philosophy Control of Juveniles EssayThe paper that was written by Donald J. Black and Albert J. Reiss jr. started by the definition of the deviance as a behavior in a group wherein on that point is a chance that there is a say-so when deviant behaviors are detected. This control approach as defined by the authors is a process carried on with the analysis, detection and the process of giving the adequate sanctions in the process of policing the teenages. Donald J. Black, as one of the authors of the use up, was a professor of the social sciences at the University of Virginia. He completed his doctorate at the University of Michigan during the nineteen sixties. He prosecute his post doctoral studies at Yale faithfulness School as a Russell rational Fellow in Law and law and social sciences. After that, he moved to the Harvard University during nineteen s so farty nine. Where he held appointments in law school and the sociology department where he also used to be in the Yale School. After that, he taught as Law School teacher when he moved to the University of Virginia in the nineteen eighties. due(p) to his professorship, he is able to teach in any of the different schools and departments of the university. Due to his vast experience in teaching and studies, he has numerous unexclusiveations in the sociology of morality, law and conflict. Due to the expanding works o f Black, it includes works such(prenominal) as theory of the differential success of ideas, a theory of scientific theory, theory of scienticity, and theories of the behaviors of natural beings. The 1994 theory Prize plus the Distinguished Book Award of the American Sociological Association due to his most recent work the neighborly Structure of Right and Wrong.His other work also include (1) Behavior of Law which was translated to different languages (2) The Manners and Customs of the Police and Sociological Justice, and (3) an article which has won him the Distinguished Sc holarship Award still from the American Sociological Association entitle The Epistemology of Pure Sociology a recent article that was published in Law and Social Inquiry. He was also an editor of the Oxford University Press for the books called Studies on Law and Social Control. Moreover, his popularity made him invitees as speakers and lecturers to a number of countries in the world Denmark, Finland, Sweden, France, Scotland, Poland, England and Japan. Furthermore, he is father and founder of a sociological class which includes no psychological science or even people as such. This sociological class is known as pure sociology. This sociological class is believed to publish a book regarding the pillow slip with the title the Death of the Person. Also, other works such as a book-length project about(predicate) a general theory about the foretelling and explanation of the existence and of struggle in human relationships. Another author, Albert J. Reiss is considered one of the gre atest influences of the Penn Criminology. Reiss works distinct and uniform emphasis on the organized reach query and evidence-based policy is considered the trademark of Penn Criminology. Albert Reiss has been the research director for President Lyndon Johnsons Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice during the nineteen sixties. Using laboratory uniform procedures and precision and direct observations, he has able to introduce a fresh way of studying violence. Due to his works, he has found out that the endangerment of having violence directly depends on the type of police encounter. The two types of police encounter is proactive and reactive. The first relies on the idea that the police has been invited by a psyche who is present in the area to intervene in the situation while the indorse one refers to the idea that the police has intervened in a situation even without the invitation of the people whoa are present in the scene.This means that the police ha s intervened in the situation at their own expense. From the results of the researches conducted by Reiss, he theorized that police encounters on situations with the assume of the people around brings about less resistance compared to the situations wherein the police has intervened on their own which brings about more resistance from the civilians that brings more violence. Reiss studies has made headlines that almost lxx five percent of all the white police exhibits racial discrimination against black civilians.However, the results of Reiss studies brings about the fact that there in no significant release in the brutality of the police against black and white. He also found out that both races has been illegally assaulted and brutally treated in front of the public either during their arrest or not. Aside from Reiss project on police control, he also introduced the method of using surveys and studies of reported crimes. This method has detected mettlesome rates of undetected delinquent works among middle and upper class juveniles. Reiss was born in Cascade, Wisconsin on celestial latitude 9, 1922. He studied at MarquetteUniversity, however, he disturbed his studies by joining the US Army Air Corps in World War II by serving as a meteorologist. He finished his doctoral studies in sociology at the University of Chicago. While teaching at the university, he also led some studies regarding probation, juvenile and neighborhood delinquency. When he finished his doctoral studies during 1949, he was promoted to assistant professor. After that, he shifted to Vanderbilt University as he was delegated the chairman of the Sociology Department of the university in the 1952. After serving as the prexy of the sociology department in the Vanderbilt University, in 1959, he moved to University of Iowa, then University of Wisconsin and then, finally serving as the chairman of sociology at the University of Michigan in 1961.He began doing his welkin research about police in the University of Michigan. And then, from 1970, until the year he retired in 1993, he began teaching at the Yale University. During his stay in Yale, he published The Police and the Public, his most influential writing about social organizations regarding police confrontation with citizens. He spent his time serving as a aged(a) adviser to ranges of surveys, experiments and researches in Europe, United domains and Asia. Basically, the research that was conducted by Black and Reiss is about finding results on the official detection and countenance of juvenile aberrant. In the investigation, the study is centered on the specific conditions that would in effect cause the chance of having sanction by arrest with relation to the involvement of the police force in certain(a) situations. In general, the study is about processing a control method for juvenile deviance.In relation, the study is also inclined to the interaction that is disaster between the juveniles and the represent atives of the police clay. According to the research conducted (1) most of the representatives of the legal organizations engagement with juveniles would come up due to the direct response of the citizens who take the drive in mobilizing the police during situations (2) a high fraction of juvenile and police encounters occurs due to reasons that are of minor significance (3) t he chance of having certain sanctions due to arrest was found out to be very low for the juveniles who agree had encounters with the police (4) the chances of having arrest increases with the alleged seriousness of juvenile offenses as defined by the criminal law for adults(5) the way the representatives of the legal force sanctions the juveniles is directly dependent on the preferences of the complaints of the citizens during encounters (6) there is highly significant difference between the number of blacks that are detained than the number of whites detained, however, there is low or even no evidence of ra cial discrimination (7) situational evidence is very important in correlating the act of juveniles in order for an arrest to take place and, (8) the chances of having arrest is most likely in respectful juveniles than those who are disrespectful. The research continues from the deviance definition and is defined as applicable to any class of behavior wherein there is a great possibility of a sanction that is negative and is regardless of its detection. From the eight ideas that were gained from the research, it was known that there are different factors that relates the detection of the negative sanctions particularly the sanctioning of juveniles. Therefore, the research was made in order for the instances and factors that requires control for the existence of the situation. Moreover, the aim of the research was in spades to discover and investigate the organization of deviance and control. The study of Reiss and Black about the juvenile control has examined the officers and the rep resentatives of legal systems encounter with the juveniles. They urinate employed a wide range of methods involving orderly approaches and systematic social observations. The research also took into account the actions that are done by the police and the juveniles in each of the different situations that they have encountered. They have also included the actions and reactions made by the police in their multiple attempts to resolve situations with juveniles. The research has also brought to public a more plunder view of the kinds and varieties of offenses and situations in which juveniles can be involved. Moreover, the research also includes a broader stove on the situations that may bring about the juveniles into juvenile justice system and the like. Generally, the research conducted by Black, Reiss and Lundman is center on the decisions that are made by the members of the legal system when it comes to juvenile cases and in police-juvenile encounters. Another study conducted by Worden and Myers has same scopes and documentations. This independent study in the other hand, is focused on the practices that can be observed in police and the representatives of the legal system during encounters and arrest of juveniles.This research also focused on the other forms anf kinds of the authorities that are used by the police such as, investigative tactics, advising, threats and commands. Still another study focuses itself on the contact records from 1968 to 1975 and analyzes the practices that are used by the police members in arresting juveniles. This research has been done Sealock and Simpson. Generally, all of the studies that ere conducted were very similar to each other. They are focused on the decisions that are made by the police and the members of the legal system during or not during arrest and confrontations. All the researches aims to know the factors that helps the police and the legal system members decide on what certain actions are they going impleme nt and what factors are they going to consider in implementing such actions. There are also studies that simply replicates the works of Reiss and Black. A study that is conducted by Lundman, Richard, Richard E. Sykes and John P. Clark entitled Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. For the author, Richard Lundman achieved his doctoral studies in the University of Minnesota in the 1973. Dr. Lundman is also an alumni and a distinguished professor at the Ohio State University. Lundmans areas of expertise is in the deviance, white collar and corporate deviance, criminology, juvenile delinquency rate, race, ethnicity, policing and gender. He has also garnered certain awards such as Excellence in instruction Award of the Department of 2002 Sociology Undergraduate Students at the Ohio University. Also, he is recognized as an outstanding faculty member of the Ohio State University during 1997. This work has been repeatedly updated and in its third edition, the work has been really updated and has included primary trends in the environment. It also covers neighborhood and individual based origins of juvenile delinquency. The research also covers the study on the problems which includes the minority problems of ever representation i n the justice system. The study also include the situations pertaining to diversion. It is also concerned with the brisk projects that are fundamentally shaping the ideas, decisions and thoughts or actions regarding crimes that are achieved by the youth. The author of the study also added the idea that the things that has been done in the past should also be the ones to be done in the future. He also believed that doing less to the juveniles than doing more to them will be of great help to them. Primarily, the research that was conducted by the author of the counterpunch of the works of Black and Reiss supports the ideas that were given by the first research. The second research that was conducted by Lundman also believes on the ideas regarding the effects and results given by the reactions of the citizens and the juveniles in certain situations. Moreover, ideas that were presented in the second research were only reiterations of the first research. However, there are only certain changes in the scope and the primary concern of the research. Generally, there the scope and the primary concern of the research was broadened in the second research.The first research has only limited its scope in the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system before pursue in arrests and sanctions. It is also concerned with the results and the effects of the reactions and actions of both the juvenile, the representatives of the legal system as well as the citizens that are present in the situation. However, in the second research, it mostly is concerned with the broadening of the scope and the concerns of the research. If the first research is only about the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system, the second research has also included the reasons and effects that brought about the reactions of youth and the reasons that bring them into crimes. As a summary, the two researches that were conducted by the three different authors are really of great help to the society, representatives of the legal system hardly also to the juvenile personalities inside and even outside the corners of the prison cell. It also aids in bringing out the idea that the possibility of racial critique that is believed to be experienced by the black juveniles. Racial discrimination is believed to have been done by the representatives of the legal system during situations wherein the ones that achieved crimes are black.Discrimination is also believed to have been practiced by the police during application of sanctions. For so long, racial discrimination among the blacks and the whites is very rampant and is still believed that it can be still observed in certain situations nowadays. However, due to the rese arches conducted, it was discovered that the belief that racial discrimination can still be observed in the police and the manner of application of the sanctions to the juvenile is denied. Also, the researches has also set the ideas regarding the actions and reactions that can be observed during police involvement in certain situations.ReferenceNew York Times (2006) In Memoriam Albert j. Reiss Jr. Retrived, November 30, 2007, from http//www.crim.upenn.edu/reiss.htm.Sage Publications. (1978). Police Control of Juveniles. Retrieved, November 29, 2007, from http//jrc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/1/74.URMMA. Juveniles, Police Model Policy. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.urmma.org/html/juveniles.html.Division of Criminal Justice (1990). Juvenile Matters. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/agguide/juvenile.htm.Sherman, Lawrence. Criminologist Albert Reiss Dies at 83 Pioneered Research on Violence. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from www.yale.edu /sociology/news/docs/reiss_obituary_nyt.pdf.SCCgov. (2007). Representation for Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from sccgov.org/portal/site/scc/chlevel3?path=/v7/SCC Public Portal/.New Hampshire restraint Association. The Rights of Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.nhbar.org/for-the-public/the-rights-of-juveniles.asp.Black, D. and Reiss, A. Police Control of Juveniles. American Sociological Review, Vol. 35, pp. 63-77.

What is Religion?

What is Religion?Religion is a excess form of awareness of the surrounding world, which is based on the belief in the human beings of one (or more) of the gods. It includes a set of moral and ethical conduct, which are usually reflected in the sacred texts. Religions emerged in the form of different beliefs, that appeared almost simultaneously with the way out of mankind. Despite lacking a clear organization like modern religions, it has always played a prominent role in different societies.1 even out though, we usually compute religion as the belief in one or more gods, this is not always the case. In Buddhism, for example, there are no deities. However, like other religions, Buddhism strongly asserts the humanity of a spiritual reality, which is separated from everyday life of the substantive world.Consequently, perhaps, those who, by their own assurances, call back in the existence of the spiritual world should be called ghostlike people. However, this is not necessarily t rue religion, at least partially, can be institutionalized gathering in the rump of their communities of those who join similar or common beliefs.However, the presence of the fellowship is only one side of religion. Among others lay cartel personal beliefs and feelings of reverence and veneration the fury rites and church premises, collective prayer, and so on, norms moral rules and prohibitions, as well as notions of sin and holiness.However, this does not make religion an ideology. Like religion, ideology such as Nazism or communism require their followers absolute loyalty and direct follow of dogma, provided do not need gods or special spirituality.Religion is not magic either. Magic fans believe, that certain rituals produce the desired changes in the material world without interfering with what is happening on the part of a deity. Religious people, on the contrary, pray about something, believing that only paragon is able to help put their prayers into reality.Religi on can also be viewed as a cultural phenomenon, characteristic of various human societies with their musical arrangement of values and fundamental myths. Some religions, such as Christianity or Islam, affirm their universality, and insist on their own exceptionalism and its special position in the world. Nevertheless, even Christianity and Islam can be seen as a product of historical development under certain conditions. hoi polloi throughout the ages have tried to answer the question about the essence of religion. Theologians, base the commentary on the value of the word religion, that in Latin path connection. It is about the relationship between God and man. One of the Orthodox dogmatic teachings asserted that religion is a contract or union between God and man.2But, to agree with this explanation of religion is impossible, as it is impossible to agree with the simplistic interpretation of the fact, that religion is a fraud and a charlatan.Marxism suggests a scientific definit ion of religion. Exploring the laws of development of human society, the classics of Marxism-Leninism revealed the social essence of religion. We have convincingly shown that religion is, for example, politics, law, morality, science, art is a form of social consciousness.3Each of the forms of social consciousness reflects a certain aspect of the life of society. Politics, for example, reflects the relations between classes, states, nations, morality the moral qualities of people.In other words, peoples consciousness reflects the objective world. However, this may be a formula of true and false. Religion is a specific form of social consciousness, which always reflect objective reality as false, ugly, distorted. As Engels pointed out, All religion, however, is nothing but the fantastic reflection in mens minds of those external forces which control their daily life, a reflection in which the terrestrial forces assume the form of charming forces.4This is manifested in the peoples faith in the real existence of God, as well as different kinds of spirits, angels, demons, faith in supernatural connection between the real existing material objects and their properties.The definition of religion also includes representations, a system view of the world, expressed in the so-called holy books containing various myths, regulations and instructions, as well as by word of mouth of the mythical images, visions, paintings, based on a belief in the supernatural.Another element of religion are the sentiments of the faith. Religion can induce not only thoughts but also feelings of people. Theologians argue that man is born with the religious feelings, that is, with a ready ability to communicate with the supernatural, to feel the power of God, to see and feel his actions.Science denies the allegations and says religious ecstasy, fanaticism, and feelings of believers perversion of healthy human psyche that occurs under the influence of religious beliefs. Specificity of re ligious feelings is that, they are directed at the fictional, supernatural objects, rather than actually existing ones.The third element of religion is actions. Theologians say that the supernatural world cannot be known by human reason, it is necessary to believe in it, despite the arguments of science and reason, reject the existence of God. Therefore centuries elaborated and corresponding patterns of human behavior, customs and traditions passed down from generation to generation, performing religious rites and rituals next different regulations. All these actions are called worshipping.5When talking about religion, the existence of specific groups of people clergy should also be considered. Together with the faith, they constitute a special community or religious organization called the Church. For example, the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and so on. The clergy is promoting beliefs and worship. However, the existence of the clergy cannot be regarded as an indispensabl e element of religion there are religious organizations, that do not have a permanent priesthood.6Thus, religion and belief is what connects the human with the divine world and gives the person a special state of inside(a) warmth, tranquility and confidence because he does not feel alien to the divine forces that surrounds it. He does not feel thrown out in front of the folderal of life. Life becomes meaningful with its purpose to union with God. It becomes clear and positive. We can say, that religion is one of the universal cultural mechanisms of regulation of human activity, it is through the actions of religious system organizes daily life, with the help of the development of doctrine structures the world, that makes us think about the basics and the meaning of our own life.1 Kucheman, Cark, Religion, Culture, and Religious Socialism, The Journal of Religion, Jul 19722 Holy Bible3 Bauer, Andrea, The bolshie view In the beginning was the World, Apr 20064 Engels, Frederick, Ant i-Dhring, Part III Socialism, Ch. 5, 18775 Wellman, James, Religon, Ideology, and Belief, Oxford Scholarship Online, Sep 20086 Ibid

Race. Ethnicity And Criminal Justice History

flight. Ethnicity And Criminal Justice HistoryUK has been a multi-culture country historically whereby race from discordant origins, nations, races, religions, beliefs, etc. migrated to UK in the last two centuries. Largely, these migrants have been from Africa and Asia that be the heathen minority communities within the UK. In the past 30 years, these ethnic minorities progressed very terminationly in the UK and have been the victims of abhor and racial nuisances. Multiple research has been conducted pertaining to the shakes of hate and racial shame in the UK (Gabbidon. 2009). This paper is a presentation of relevant lit review on the subject matter.2.0 Migration, racial Disadvantage and Ethnic DiversityMigration of people to UK has been in progress for at least two centuries scarcely organise migration for living and employment has been occurring in past 30 years. The ethnic groups prevalent in UK are Black Caribbean, Black African, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chi nese, and early(a) Asians and Blacks. Many of these groups have migrated to UK for discipline and employment and hence their primary target has been to achieve high quality professional education, get employed within UK or to open a business. roughly of the people have entered UK through human trafficking routes and hence the crimes against them are much wider than the ones against ethnic minorities. The groups of Black Caribbean, Indians and Pakistanis are cut throughed to be well employed in the UK collectable to their professional skills and good written and spoken English language. Their employment rates have been better than other(a) ethnic minorities and even better than the topical anaesthetic whites. (Gabbidon. 2009)McDonald (2009) argued that the ethnic minorities al meanss remain within their groups with tangibly distinct differences in lifestyles. They can be identified very easily due to skin strain and different pronunciation of English and hence are easily tar geted by others that hate them. He argued that the racial and hate crimes are not always conducted by local whites but are also conducted by one group of ethnic minorities against others. In fact some of the ethnic minorities have brought with them different flavours of crime to UK that has added to the already existing crimes of the UK. Migrants from some countries (like Caribbean, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) have largely chosen to adopt the local way of thinking and living and hence do not cause nuisance against others (except for issues like domestic violence that is prevalent even in their native countries and has become one of the major issues in UK). But many other ethnic groups prefer to retain their original lifestyles and possess radical thoughts that make them deviant against the whites and other ethnic groups in the UK. As pointed out by Chakraborti and assortment (2009), a lot depends upon the share below which the members of ethnic minorities migrated to the UK. While people from Asian countries migrated to the UK for high pay packages (that is, to get richer as they were well off in their respective countries as well) others may have migrated to the UK amidst extreme poverty or impact of slavery and deprivation in their native countries. The history of events associated with the minority people matters a lot in the way they behave in the UK. The sense of being deprived or betrayed invokes negative emotions of hate, jealousy, prejudice and revenge that firmnesss in crime against other ethnic minorities in the UK and also the clashes between whites and blacks. This is one of the accepted causes of hate crime although the authors believe that this subject hitherto needs enormous donnish research to be established further. In fact anti-Semite(a) crimes are classified as one of the categories of hate crimes given that racism can be one of the strong reasons leading to abuse but there are many other factors as well. The racist crimes are c onducted by the people due to their hate against people of other races influenced by emotions like deprival, betrayal, difference of class, prejudice, etc. (Healy. 2006)The Home Office, UK has presented a wide definition of hate crime that includes criminal activities as a result of discrimination against disability, religion, belief, race, sexual orientation or transgender. The home office especially mentions that hate crimes are more important and different than other types of crimes because the people are targeted based on identity and the discrimination thus practiced is serious infringement of human rights and social comparison. Moreover, they state that hate crimes result in serious psychological disorder and breakdown and can be disastrous for the British society because whole communities can become enemies yet by criminal act against one individual. Serious social disasters (like riots) can be the extreme outcomes if the hate crimes are not handled adequately and indiscri minately. (http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/hate-crime/)Gabbidon (2009) studied the pattern of punishments in the UK criminal umpire system to discover that certain types of crimes are associated with the ethnic minorities such that the probability of getting sentenced for the members of the minority group increases. For example, Blacks are more potential to get custodial sentences for fraud, forgery and drug offenses and Asians are more probable to get custodial sentences for robbery. Similarly whites are more probable to get custodial sentences for community crimes and Muslims are more probable to be targeted for terror crimes. These patterns suggest some kind of mindset established in the legal system itself that is wedded to believe that a particular ethnic minority group may be associated with a particular crime. These concerns have been raised by the 2006-2007 study by the sign of the zodiac of Commons, Home Affairs Committee pertaining to overrep resentation of young blacks pertaining to crimes related to drugs, firearms and mugging. The report especially states that Young Black people are disproportionately subject to socio-economic psychic trauma and social exclusion even by the judiciary and policing system. Quraishi (2005) pointed out that South Asian Muslims are perceived to be more involved in unsavoury crimes although the British criminology badly lacks researches on South Asians especially the Muslims. In fact the knowledge about the ethnic diversity in the UK is still very slight and hence criminal justice system do take into account perceptions rather than facts. Muslims are more credibly to be frisked for arms and explosives and blacks are more likely to be frisked for drugs. One can define this as racial disadvantage in the UK.3.0 Reasons for crime against ethnic minoritiesRutter and Tienda (2005) draw social discrimination, deprival and poverty as two major reasons for crime against one group of ethnic min orities by another. It is not a fact that all members of an ethnic minority are unforesightful or rich. The perceptions are driven by majority of the members of an ethnic minority group whether they are poor or deprived or not. For example, as described by these authors, Pakistani and Bangladeshis are also poverty stricken but they do not perceive this as a reason for deviance against the ethnic minorities that are richer. This again goes back to the theory of the circumstances under which they migrated to the UK and the objectives that had in mind to achieve from the migration. Asians come to UK to become rich and hence their entire centering is on earning more and more money. Caribbean blacks may have migrated to the UK through more congenial channels and hence are well placed and growing in the UK. They possess excellent spoken and written English skills and hence enjoy better placements in the British society. African blacks have migrated to UK under varying circumstances wher eby significant number of migrations can be traced back to slavery and deprivation in their native countries by the whites. Hence, the reasons for crime against ethnic minorities need to be viewed from historical angle in the UK. They may be the traditional black-white clashes or else hatred and jealousy against Asians due to their comparatively better success. (Chakraborti and Garland. 2009)There may be other recent reasons like the significant outsourcing of UK jobs to India but they have not yet been rebeln academically at least from UK perspective (may be applicable in US however). The author has mentioned this point without an empirical support because this needs further investigation.4.0 Policing against hate and race driven crimesRice and White (2010) and the 2006-2007 report by the House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee pointed out that the policing system has been discriminate against the blacks in the UK. The black youths are doubted, arrested and imprisoned more often than Whites and Asians. The discrimination exists in the form of some kind of mindset against the blacks that may be the result of historical conflicts between whites and blacks in the African countries. Their reports suggested that blacks are often intercepted, ticketed and, in many cases, arrested just against doubts without substantial evidence. Further to this, Chakraborti and Garland (2009) stated that blacks do not get adequate legal philosophy security and hence have been victims of violence amounting to serious injury or death in the UK. The case of Stephen Lawrence (in 1993) and the Macphersons report has been especially analysed by these authors to describe how institutional racism has resulted in increase of racism crime in the UK. Following figure presents the statistics of race crime in the UK from 1999-2000 to 2006-2007The statistics reveal a gradual increase in race crimes year after year. These figures are merely the reported crimes because the British iniquity Su rvey (BCS) reports reveal larger numbers (about 139000 in 2006) of racial crimes. The reports also reveal that ethnic minorities are at higher risk of racial crimes than the whites. The Macpherson report in 1999 opened a new dimension of institutional racism in the UK that confronted racial bias among the metropolitan natural law in London. The report recommended significant improvements in the policing and judicial system to ensure commitment towards a true and unbiased British society that needs to prove to the world that Britain is a true multi-racial democracy where everyone enjoys equal rights to live and survive. The report revealed that the police system itself is biased towards racism and the problem of racial hate in Britain today is much deep rooted in institutions, organisations and, most worryingly, in children and adolescents that are less than 16 years of age. The report justified the compliant by Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence that the Metropolitan police was biased in the en tire investigation process and all the suspects were acquitted. The fundamental change that the police system needs to undergo is to see to it racism as a threat to modern British society and treat the same as a social challenge that needs to be resolved as effectively as possible (OBrian. 2000). The 2009 report by House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee claims that significant improvement in policing against racist crimes is evident after the term institutional racism by Sir William Macpherson had shaken the police community out of their complacency. The report claims that cultural change is evident in the police departments in the way they interact with ethnic minorities. The concept of family liaison officers has also worked very well. In another report by elevation prosecution Service (2006), they claimed to have handled the racist murder of Anthony footer very professionally and proactively that resulted in prosecution of both the criminals responsible for the racist murder . However, as reiterated by the 2009 report by House of Commons, Home Affairs Committee, the black youth is still over-represented by the police given that they are six times more likely to be interrupted and searched. The report also reiterated that the misbehaviour with ethnic minorities under custody need to be controlled. Moreover, the role of family liaison officers need to be ameliorate given that their responsibility is to ensure that the ethnic minority family of the victim is treated well by investigators and the updates regarding the investigations are periodically provided to the family members. The police needs to take an duty of race equality and percolate the message to the natives of their region by means of appropriate communications media.5.0 Ethnicity and criminal justice systemThe modern criminal justice system makes every authorities official to be responsible towards ethnic minorities. As per the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, it is an unlawful offense for any government official to exhibit or practice racial discrimination while carrying out his/her duties. The act also requires that government departments need to publish their race equality schemes and justify how the schemes would be able to achieve promotion of race equality and good relationships with the various ethnic minority groups. In addition, the act also mandates close monitoring of the way the staff from ethnic minorities are treated in government organisations. The maximum impact on the public is carried out by the police and hence they are the ones that need to practice the mandates of the act most due diligently. The authorities in the police organisations have obviously not taken the Macpherson report positively and hence stop and search and custodial death cases have increased since the report has been published as claimed by Abbas (2004).The Macpherson reports institutional racism targets Crown Prosecution Services ( hertz) as well and hence the latter has been more proactive in the way they deal with racial violence against ethnic minorities. The Anthony Walker case is an ideal example in which the oscillation directly approached police themselves and supported them to ensure faster investigations and faster prosecution of the accused. In fact the cycle per second assigned the senior prosecutor and involved the community leaders of the ethnic minority group much ahead of the police contacting them (CPS. 2006). However, the core problem system that the probability of members of ethnic minorities getting prosecuted by CPS is higher and hence the perceptions need to be changed considerably by the institution in the coming years. The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 implies fair trial of all accused by the CPS irrespective of whether they are members of ethnic minorities or are whites. The change is already visible but there is a long way to go.The other acts that enforce hatred and racial discrimination as unlawful areRacial and Relig ious Hatred Act 2006Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008Disability Discrimination 1995Criminal Justice Act 2003 S.145Football offenses act 1991 (amended)Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001(http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/hatecrime/hatecrime004.htm)6.0 ConclusionThe UK is a multi-racial democratic country where the social system has been formed by the combination of local British population and a number of ethnic minorities that migrated to the country. Maintaining communal harmony in the UK has been a major challenge in the past given that there are numerous reasons for hatred and prejudice emotions prevailing in the nation that are linked with historical events and facts. The British society comprises of Africans, Caribbean, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Chinese and other ethnic minority groups that have migrated to the UK under different circumstances and with different objectives. Hence there are crimes conducted by one ethnic group against another a nd also crimes conducted due to the historical hate clashes between whites and blacks. All organizations (including the Police departments) are made of human beings and hence racial emotions have been existing even in the government officials, police and judicial system. The event of racial killing of Stephen Lawrence triggered multiple changes in the UK racial system especially after publishing of the report by Sir William Macpherson and the definition of so called institutional racism. Sir William pointed out that racial feelings prevail even in the people serving Metropolitan Police Organisations and the Crown Prosecution Services. He recommended major changes in the way government officials treat ethnic minorities in the interest of long term survival of the British society. The report as opposed very strongly but improvements over traditional complacent approach of police and CPS are evident as reported by House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee. The CPS also advocated their p roactive approach in solving the racial crime against Anthony Walker who was murdered by two white youths in a park. CPS promptly engaged with the police teams and ensured that the accused get the desired punishment that they deserve. These events are definitely improving confidence among the ethnic minorities but there is still a long way to go in the future.

Age and Gender Differences in Attitudes

Age and sexual activity Differences in AttitudesA discern was carried out among people from dickens different come along categories to de termine whether age and gender genius at a time result in different attitudes towards seek mental succor. The 653 participants for each one completed a shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking pro Psychological Help Scale survey. The survey results were later grouped based on gender where there was 319 males and 334 females. The gender groups were again each classified into two age categories as either puppylike or aged(a) openhandeds. The results indicated females take a leak to a greater extent(prenominal) collateral attitudes towards quest mental answer than males and that older adults have more than positive attitudes towards desire mental process. It was in addition prime that participants who had previously sought mental dish out oneself oneself had more positive attitudes towards seek mental help. Thi s research needs to consider the methodological limitations, such as the selection of the participants by the experi manpowerters, which could have biased the results and too whether the length of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale survey produces different results.Age and Gender Differences inAttitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological HelpPsych otherwiseapy has been described as embarrassing and potentially difficult and it induces fear and avoidance in some souls (Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007). Andrews, Issakidis Carters study (2001, as cited in Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007) found that less than one third of individuals who experience psychological distress do seek help from a mental health passe-partout (p 410). For many people, counselling and seeking psychological help is an uncomfortable way to deal with personal problems. This whitethorn be true for many men as the findings of most studies related to attitudes towards seeking psyc hological help have been particularly consistent that women tend to have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help (Fisher Farina 1995). Some researchers have found that age is another barrier which underutilizes help seeking (Mackenzie, Gekoski Knox, 2006) and it is generally uncommon for an individual to discontinue a psychological service once they have experience it for the first time (Deane Todd, 1996).Attitudes towards psychological help seeking vary between individuals referable to avoidance factors and demographic influences. Kushner and Shers study (1989, as cited in Vogel, Wester Larson, 2007) found that different avoidance factors are likely to vary in their intensity and wideness depending on the characteristics of the individual (eg., sex, age) as well as social and cultural differences (p 413). Vogel, Wester Larson (2007) stated that some researchers have suggested that traditional gender roles influence professional help seeking (p 414) which i s possibly why males avoid seeking help. The behaviours and characteristics associated with traditional maleness form a system of social beliefs- that is, an ideology- regarding the expectation of how men should be (1995, as cited in Levant, Wimer, Williams, Smalley Noronha). This ideology influences the way that adults think, feel and behave in gender matters. Therefore, males may feel that they need to mask their problems due to traditional masculinity which is why females are mainly found to have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help.Veoff, Kulka Douvan (1981) believe that adolescents and seniors are some(prenominal) reluctant to help-seeking due to one avoidance factor in common Social norms, which changes across the age groups. However, social defect has been conceptualised as one of the most significant barriers to treatment for both young and older adults (Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007). Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) concluded that younger adults however are more affected by the avoidance factor social stigma as adolescence is a time of developing and building a sense of identity. Being a young adult is also the time when peers and norm groups may be particularly salient (1989, as cited in Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007). Therefore, some young adults may be reluctant to help seeking because of the threats as universe judged negatively (2002, as cited in Vogel, Wester and Larson, 2007).Some individuals may or may not find psychological help beneficial and this determines whether they continue or discontinue the service. However, most people who have received help from a professional psychologist or counsellor rate themselves as more likely to keep seeking help as compared to people who have received no psychological help (Deane Todd, 1996). Consistent with this research, females with more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help rate themselves as more likely to seek professional help (Deane Todd, 1996).The p resent study aimed to determine whether age and gender affect attitudes towards seeking psychological help. From the research examined, it was anticipated that age, gender and previous history of counselling influences attitudes towards help seeking. It was hypothesised that females will have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than men and younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help. It was also hypothesised that individuals who have previously sought psychological help would have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking.MethodParticipantsThe 653 participants in this study consisted of 319 males and 334 females. Participants needed to be specifically selected based on their age, since the research involved investigating age and gender differences in attitudes towards seeking psychological help. There were two age categories that separated the younger adults from the older adults. Younger adults were cl assified between the ages of 18 long time to 30 years of age, whereas the older adults were classified over 55 years of age. Of the 653 participants, 373 participants were classified as younger adults and 280 participants as older. The younger adults group consisted of 178 males and 195 females, whereas the older adult group consisted of 141 males and 139 females.The mean age of the 653 participants was 38.05 (SD= 20.10) and the ages ranged from 18 years of age to 85 years of age. The mean age of the 178 younger male adults was 21.72 (SD= 4.38), whereas the mean age of the 141 older males was 60.11 (SD= 6.10). The mean age of the 195 younger female adults was 20.90 (SD= 3.26), whereas the mean age of the 139 older females was 60.64 (SD= 7.73).MaterialsA shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale was apply to measure participants attitudes towards seeking psychological help. The ordered series for each statement ranged from 0 (disagree) to 3 (agree). The scale contained 10 statements, some of which expressed negative attitudes towards seeking psychological help and other expressed positive attitudes. Reverse scoring was needed for the statements which expressed negative attitudes towards seeking psychological help so that a high score represents a more positive attitude. The statements which represented positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help did not have to use reverse scoring.The maximum practicable score was 30 which represented the highest positive attitude towards seeking professional psychological help, whereas the minimum possible score was 0, which represented the lowest support for seeking professional psychological help. A demographic sheet was also attached to the Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help Scale. The demographic sheet questioned for information such as date of birth, age, sex, occupation, country of birth and whether the participant has had no, secondary or a lot of co unselling prior to completing the scale.ProcedureThe shorter version of the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale was provided to all students attending Victoria University who are enrolled in Psychology 1B. Psychology 1B students were instructed to make an additional three copies as they each needed to survey four people. Each Psychology 1B student needed to survey two males and two females, however one participant from each gender needed to be either 18 years of age to 30 years of age and the other needed to be over 55 years of age. The participants were not allowed to complete the survey if they were a psychologist or a psychology student. The unit coordinator of Psychology 1B derived the mean age and mean attitude score towards seeking psychological help for the following categories (a) young male adults, (b) young female adults, (c) older male adults and (d) older female adults.ResultsAn analysis of the mean attitude stacks towards seeking psychologic al help for each of the four participant categories were used to determine whether the hypotheses were supported. The mean attitude scores towards seeking professional psychological help for all four participants categories are presented in Table 1.Table 1The mean attitude scores towards psychological help seekingMalesFemalesYounger (18-30)15.1318.36(5.56)(5.01) older (55+)14.7419.78(6.76)(6.07)Total14.9618.95(6.11)(5.52)Note. Numbers in brackets are the standard deviations of each mean attitude score.The results from Table 1 indicates that females have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help with a mean of 18.95 (SD=5.52) as compared to males who scored a mean of 14.96 (SD=6.11). This finding supported the hypothesis that females have a more positive attitude towards seeking psychological help than males. From the table, it is also evident that older participants have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help with a mean of 17.24 (SD=6.90), as co mpared to younger adults who scored a mean of 16.82 (SD=5.52). This result did not support the hypothesis younger adults have a more positive attitude towards seeking psychological help than older adults.In terms of counselling history, a no counselling history was mostly reported. Of the 653 participants, 418 participants had never had counselling before with a mean of 15.76 (SD=5.98), 203 participants have had little counselling before with a mean of 18.69 (SD=5.71) and 32 participants have had a lot of counselling with a mean of 22.44 (SD=5.62).DiscussionIn this study, two of the three hypotheses were supported. Both hypotheses (a) females have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than men and (b) individuals who had previously sought psychological help would have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking were supported in this study. However, the hypothesis (c) younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seek ing than older adults was not supported.A gender difference in attitudes towards psychological help seeking is one of the most consistent findings in the literature (Ang, Lim Tan, 2004). In the present study, the results suggested that females had more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than men. This finding supports the results of previous research of Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) where they researched factors that inhibit seeking help. In their study, Vogel, Wester and Larson (2007) found that gender role plays a part in psychological help seeking. This was evident as men were more likely to think that they would be stigmatized for consulting a psychologist or counsellor. Women in contrast, are more open towards seeking psychological help and feel comfortable and less ashamed. However, because gender role is recognised by so many people, women may feel that they are expected to act reverse to a man. In this study, females may have felt that it would only be normal for them to have positive attitudes towards seeking help as compared to men because they are usually classified as weaker and softer than men. To address this limitation in farther research, participants should be given the opportunity to make a statement or comment on why they believe their gender should and should not seek psychological help. This may promote help explain gender role which is defined as one of the most common factors that prevents seeking psychological help.On the other hand, a previous history or experience seeking psychological help indicated that participants were more likely to have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than those people who have not sought help. Deane and Todds study (1996) supports the findings of this study as their results were very similar. For example, approximately 35% of participants have had little or a continuation of therapy in this study which is similar to the 40% of participants in Deane and Todds stu dy (1996). In this study, participant needed to mark whether they had never had counselling before, have had little counselling or have had a lot of counselling. This approach used to determine whether a previous history encourages a positive attitude towards psychotherapeutics could have been used more effectively to find out the duration of therapy and for those who have had no counselling to find out whether something is inhibiting them from seeking psychological help or if they simply do not need it. In future research, participants who have received psychotherapy both short term and long term should be questioned about the duration of psychotherapy they have had. On the other hand, participants who have not received psychotherapy should be given the opportunity to further elaborate on their choice of not seeking help.The results did not support the hypothesis that younger adults will have more positive attitudes towards seeking psychological help than older adults. These find ings differ from those of previous studies (e.g., Mackenzie, Gekoski Knox, 2006 Vogel, Wester Larson 2007) in which respectively reported that older adults attitudes towards seeking psychological help are generally positive and younger adults are reluctant to help seeking due to a certain avoidance factor social stigma. This could be due to the way researchers from previous studies tested their participants to determine their attitudes. In some studies, participants may have been tested for their opinions on psychological help seeking, whereas others may have been tested on their unquestionable use of a psychotherapy service. In this study, participants were tested to determine their opinions towards seeking psychological help, whereas other studies may have tested peoples attitudes after using the service. future research should mention what their participants are tested for so that other researchers are able to correctly support or find differences in their findings.A further limitation of the study was that the participants were not given the opportunity to provide statements about how they feel about seeking psychotherapy as a quantitative scale measure was used to determine their attitudes towards seeking psychological help. Therefore, their responses were restricted using the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale survey. Future research should also employ a qualitative measure to help support the results produced from a quantitative measure.Overall, the results of the study suggest that gender role does impact attitudes towards seeking psychological help as one gender consistently showed more positive attitudes towards help seeking. The results also suggest that older adults have more positive attitudes towards psychological help seeking than younger adults. It may be that adults in the present are exposed to a positive interpretation of psychotherapy which encourages them to view seeking psychological help more positively. Also, the results of the study suggest that a previous history of psychotherapy will make an individual view psychological help seeking with a positive attitude. This may be because the individual learns that the therapy is beneficial and outweighs their reasons for avoiding during psychotherapy.

The School Voucher Debate :: essays papers

The School Voucher DebateTHE SCHOOL VOUCHER DEBATEIn reading these articles, I did not understand the apparitional indoctrinate involvement and school vouchers. There was one statement in the first article Court Discusses Vouchers, that stated that in Cleveland use school vouchers and that they put up be used at fifty-one other schools, but there are nine schools that they cannot use the vouchers at, and they are all Catholic schools. To me this seems to be a religious prejudice going on in that area against the Catholic religion. I understand the purpose for vouchers and what would be involved. The money that is used to give show up school vouchers comes from the public system of resources. I can see why people would be against vouchers. They worry that it will drain the resources for other public things. At the same time though, in the second article Americas boldest governor, it had stated that if the vouchers were properly designed, they would only drain the public res ources at the same compute as a resource-consuming pupils. Therefore, students that are not doing well, drain more funds from the public system than other students that are doing good in school, and if vouchers are fitted to give those students who have been doing badly is school improve with time, the money used from the public system will balance out. Obviously, the students and parents of the lower class would benefit from vouchers. The school and public system do not benefit from vouchers. Schools for the reason that some schools will have to improve their school overall, or they will lose students to break dance equipped schools, since students of any background will be able to attend any school they like. I do feel that vouchers would lead to better course of study among several schools, which would provide for educational excellence. The schools would be thriving to keep the number of students attending the school up. They would have to adjust to better them selves if vouchers were made available. Equity inside schools would be achieved if vouchers were made available to students of all races, class, and status. Vouchers would allow students of several different cultural backgrounds and social class to attain and school they wish.

The Nature of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Essay -- Exploratory Essay

The Nature of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease   Dementia is traditionally considered to be one of the possible results of aging.  Its effects atomic number 18 heartbreaking and tremendously toilsome for the patient as well as their family and friends.  There are many factors to consider.  What would be the best treatment plan for my loved one?  Who would care for them?  These are all very difficult decisions that impact the patient and family for years to come.  But what if you only had a few months to make these decisions?  What if all your loved one had was a few very short months before they were gone?  In Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), the situation is just that.  With no known cause or cure, CJD takes the patient and family whole by surprise.  Time is precious when you see new changes arising day after day in areas such as movement, speech and cognition.  How could you make them as flourishing as posssible?  What could reach caused these sudden changes?  What treatment options do you have in such a short period of time?  Most importantly ordain my loved one be able to express their needs to me?      Creutzfeldt-Jakob is considered to be a transmissible dementia or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, which means that the spread of the disease is similar to that of viruses.  Further studies have shown that instead of a virus, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease or CJD, is considered to be caused by a proteinaceous infection agent or prion (Asher et al, 2000) that attacks touchwood cells causing vacuolization, the formation of holes in the cell, and eventually cell death.  To date there are no effective screenin... ...ore to be learned.  The important factor during the course of CJD is the patient.  We as Speech Pathologists must ask ourselves a few questions.  Was the best interests of the patient met for as long as they could have been?   Was the family aware of any and all nutriment and community groups available to them during this difficult time?  If we as SLPs can answer these questions with a yes, then we have done our jobs indeed.  To those who involoved with CJD, thank you.  Because of the researchers, therapists, and families of CJD patients, we have the knowledge we have today.  This knowledge exit continue to grow, providing tests, screening measures and maybe some day a cure.  To live with the hope that one day another person will not have to endure what sorrows you have can be a great motivation.