Legalized Marijuana and Law Enforcement Essay

marihuana is the intimately unwashed threateningicit medicate entirely oer the world including the unify States. It is derived from the leaves, flowers, seeds and stem of hempen necktie sativa. THC, tetrahyro sensnabinol is the principal(prenominal) betive comp int of marihuana. The medicate trick either be smoke-dried or mixed with foods and beverages. In the streets, hemp is commonly known as the herb, pot, marihuana among an sepa enjoin(prenominal) names. on that apex be galore(postnominal) side set up, both(prenominal) short line and foresightful edgeinal figureinal figure nubuate associated with abhorrence of derrierenabis. However, arsenabis has to a fault been utilise aesculapian checkup checkup exam examination exam examinationly in hospitals. legitimation of hemp in the join States has always attr intentionplayed a change debate.It is burning(prenominal) to n genius that marihuana was non disc oered yesterday. For t he centuries in which the herb has been subr verbotenined, it has been exclusively reas whizz and only(a)d. It is estimated that cannabis has been misbranded for less than one percent the period man has affaird it. The dose is known to flip been in delectation as primeval as 7000 BC scarce it was do ne farthestious in the f all in States in the twentieth century. A History of hemp The archives of ganja justnesss in the unify States is real(prenominal) interesting. The outset rightfulness relating to ganja or cannabis sativa to be enacted in the novel day America was in 1619 in Jamestown in Virginia.For umpteen divisions, the plant had been in intention for discordant functions more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as food, incense, rope among differents. It is besides interesting to greenback that the first of all police cerebrate to the herb was a must grow law that required all farmers in the liquidation to grow the habilitate. A far mer could be taken to incarcerate or punish for failing to grow the crop imputable to it shortage in the region in the 18th century. The must grow laws were then in place for to a greater extent(prenominal) than ii centuries. The g everywherenment en fortituded the farmers to plant the crop collectable to its importance among the military requirements.However, it is grave to promissory note that although the plant was critical in the 17th and 18th century, to an extent of it existence exampled as a heavy tender, the unrestricted was not aw be of its put ons as a digressional dose until the early twentieth century (Inciardi, 1990). In the middle 19th century, over both gigabyte acres of land in the unite States was to a lower place cannabis sativa plantations. The herb was in the first place grown for wont in the textile constancy. However, the situation changed in the early 20th century due(p) to the hand around inflow of immigrants from pro put up America especially Mexico.This inflow was triggered by the Mexican revolution in the early 20th century. Tension was generated in the midst of the sensitive scale farmers and the plantation owners due to the avail cleverness of cheap labor from Mexican Americans. The situation was made worse by the fast changing world in the subsequently math of the First adult male War and the event of the great depression. The accession tension as puff up as the high outcome of immigrants from South and Central America made resources scarce and the graphic symbol of life in American cities deteriorated world-shatteringly.It is crucial to note that when the immigrants from Mexico arrived in the United States, fume of ganja for recreation was common in Mexico entirely it was unheard among the American population. Consequently, the Mexicans brought with them the herb as tumefy as the fume habit. These Mexican immigrants introduced hummer of marihuana in the United States which resulted into the first law prohibiting ganja in California (Inciardi, 1990). opposite than the Mexican immigrants use of marihuana prompting the first law prohibiting preparation of hemp, in that location were an new(prenominal)(prenominal) actors that act upond the enactment of the in the altogether law.Most strategic was the use of the drug by Mormons who had been direct to the Central American country in the early 20th century. The Mormons came back with cannabis and they were already victimization it. The churches reaction to this whitethorn give way had a big bend in the enactment of the first anti hemp laws in California. Consequently, various responsibilitys including Texas, Wyoming, Washington, and operating room among early(a) states had laws limiting the use of ganja in the early 1920s. Most importantly, the laws were knowing to specifically heading the Mexican immigrants who were well known to use the drug (Inciardi, 1990).Compargond to an different(prenominal) states, the eastern states did not name a large number of Mexican immigrants but the job of ganja was evident in the states as well. Analysts keep back argued that the drug was introduced by Latin Americans and African Americans jazz musicians. Marijuana is believed to pretend traveled across the eastern states much(prenominal) as Chicago, Harlem and New Orleans. Abuse of marihuana was part of the jazz music cognitive process scenes. Racism was likewise an important factor in the enactment of the anti ganja laws where the white extremists argued that the herb gave the Negroes and the Latin Americans the courage to face the whites.During the same period, thither were rumors in the public that the immigrants as well as the African Americans were influencing youth whites including children into taking the drug. This was the bank line of the assassin stories of professional killers under the set of marijuana. In the 1930s, the use of marijuana in the United States was associ ated with violent behaviors as a result of these stories (Inciardi, 1990). As early as mid 1920s, the United States supported multinational prescripts that regulated marijuana in the take a leak of the Indian hemp.These gatherings included the international opium group which prohibited exports of Indian hemp to countries and states in which marijuana use was il legitimate. The convention besides required proper documentations that approved the consequence of marijuana to such countries if it was baset for health check exam checkup use. However, the convention did not affect former(a) cabanas products such as fiber which were widely produced in Europe and the United States. It was believed that the Indian hemp contained high aims of THC comp atomic number 18d to the European hemp which was mainly grown for use in the textile industry (Inciardi, 1990).The first anti marijuana national official law in the United States was the undifferentiated states hypnagogic acts whose first fortunetery was introduced in 1925 and the final draft was ready seven old age later. This newfangled law sought to introduce uniform anti narcotic laws byout the United States. Following the enactment of this law, the Federal office staff of Narcotics was created which encouraged the adopting on uniform regulations. By mid 1930s all the states had pick out slightly(a) laws that regulated the labor, distribution and use of cannabis products.The establishment of the Federal self-assurance of Narcotics in 1930 change magnitude the concern over the change magnitude use of cannabis in the American population. The bureau was headed by Anslinger, one of the most celebrated anti narcotic crusaders in the American history, who argued that marijuana was trusty for the maturation violent crimes in the high society and irrational acts. The bureau utilize both the print media as well as the first developing film industry to spread propaganda against the use of canna bis (Inciardi, 1990).The geneva trafficking convention of 1936 is also an important convention in the legal history of marijuana. guide by head of Federal berth of Narcotic, Anslinger, the United States government tried to wreak the world society to wretchedize all activities businessatical in the work, processing, distribution and use of cannabis and opium in the world unless it is for scientific or health check intellectuals. However, the project was rejected and only trafficking of the drug remains illegal internationally.The signatory governments were expected to establish arrangings inside their criminal umpire dodges to punish case-by-cases involved in trafficking of prohibited drugs in their countries. out-of-pocket to the failed attempts by the American government to define the international community, the officials did not sign the agreement enclosureing it too weak to deal with the problem at hand (Inciardi, 1990). The marijuana revenue enhancement acts of 1937 argon considered to be the most prodigious law towards the legalisation of marijuana in the United States.The act was penned by Anslinger and sponsored by Robert Doughton. The principle purpose of the bank bill was to all destroy the production, distribution and use of cannabis products in the United States terminating it illegal drug businesses. The act also specified penalties to which soulfulnesss assemble in obstinance of the drug were to be topiced to. Those institute guilty of cannabis link offences were subjected to a five-spot long time fate or could be fined up to two k dollars. This was all aimed at increase the lay on the lines involved in the illegal business.The act was however debate by a large number of Americans including the American medical examination experience who argued that the act imposed appraise on medical personnel development cannabis as a positivistic drug. The act also limited and taxed the production and sale of cannabis mean t for medical use. Other than the new acts world enacted, the association proposed that the Harrison Narcotics taxation Acts could arrive been strengthened to deal with the emerging problem of marijuana mal get overment (Bertram, 1996). Since then, the national government has continuously increased its aid in dealing with marijuana among other(a) drugs in the country.Marijuana in the United States is today sustainled by the controlled substance act which is contained in the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act that was enacted in 1970 as an appeal to the marijuana tax act of 1937. However, the act does not sign mingled with marijuana meant for medical use or recreation purpose and prohibits possession, production and distribution of large quantities of the drug. Consequently, the federal official official laws treat marijuana like any other illegal drug with no medical value. Marijuana is accordingly treated in the same way as cocaine and heroine.All the controlled substances under the federal are located in a docket according to their properties which includes risk of abuse and likely drop uses in medicine. In the controlled substance act, marijuana is not considered to save any medical value and is rated as a highly habit-forming substance and on that pointfore placed under schedule 1 drug. Although doctors can use the first amendment to recommend its use in treatments, under the current federal regulations, prescribing marijuana is illegal (Gray, 2001). The Drug Enforcement disposition was also established to enforce federal anti narcotic laws in the country.The DEA has over the years taken a lot of interests in the production and use of medical marijuana. muchover, the agency has targeted specific individuals involved in illegal drugs production and distribution. This mainly includes the minority races, African Americans and Latino Americans, who have been bring to fall victims of illegal drugs abuse. Consequently, t he war on drugs has resulted into accusation of institutional racism and racial profiling where the anti narcotic laws were designed to target the minority races.This issue continues to depict debate in the country duration the American correctional facilities and the criminal justice trunks in global is overwhelmed by the large number of drug relate criminal cases (Musto & Korsmeyer, 1996). Although in many cases the drug enforcement governing body leave alone cases involving medical use of marijuana, the federal laws have penitentiary penalties against individuals found in possession of marijuana for rough(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) moderateness. The drug is considered dangerous, illegal and with no medical use.For this reason, the courts maintain that an individual cannot defend himself on the basis of medical use when convicted of marijuana link up cases. However, in many cases, refutation attorneys have always brocaded the issues during trials. Sentencing is also an important legal aspect of marijuana in the United States. An acc utilize can either be subjected to the federal sentencing guidelines created in 1987 or the mandatory token(prenominal) beat created in the late 1980s. In the federal sentencing guidelines, an individual accused of marijuana associate crimes is sentenced based on his criminal scan. chthonic these guidelines, not all marijuana related crimes offenders are subjected to a jail term. However, they are all eligible for incarceration. The guidelines require that the convicted individual should serve at least 85 percent of the jail term. The length of the jail term is determined by the essence of marijuana the individual is accused of being in possession. Low level crimes can result into a sentence of between one month and one year probation even in cases where multiple convictions are reported.For example, under the guidelines possession of one kg of marijuana attracts an alternative sentence of 6-12 month s probation man two and half kilograms and no noncurrent bear witness attracts not less than six months irons and up to two three years incase of prior record of drug crimes with no alternative sentence. Although the judge continue to be influenced by these federal guidelines in imposing sentences, they are no foresighteder mandatory. However, they are supposed to be advisory to ensure uniformity in sentencing (Bonnie & Whitebread, 1999).Cases involving marijuana are also subject to the minimum mandatory sentencing laws. The sentences mainly target individuals accused of possession of huge amounts of drugs. For example, the minimum mandatory sentence for an individual found guilty of possessing one atomic number 6 kilograms of marijuana or cultivating one hundred plants of cannabis is five years if he has no drug related crime record and ten years if otherwise. whizz thousand kilograms of plants attract ten years imprisonment with no prior record, twenty years with prior rec ord and life imprisonment in case of multiple drug offences.thitherfore, drug substance absubstance abusers and traffickers always bar possessing one hundred or more kilograms of marijuana at any time to avoid the minimum mandatory sentence of five years (Gray, 2001). Medical Effects of Marijuana The make of marijuana on the user have attracted a lot of attention in the past a few(prenominal) years. There are a good number of studies that are still on loss on the negative as well as positive do of marijuana use on pitying body. It is important to note that the use of marijuana for recreation purposes has not been widely pronounced in the past as compared to other drugs. trance narcotic use dates back to over a century, the use of marijuana has not been very prevalent in the general society until the last three or so decades. Consequently, the coherent term personal personal do of marijuana abuse have not been very well documented although there are substantial and reasonabl e dead reckoning that have been proposed. It is also important to note that arguably, marijuana has been considered to be among the safest illegal drugs such as heroine and cocaine. It has also been argued to be safer than some legal drugs such as tobacco plant plant plant and alcohol.Moreover, it has been nurtureed to have pharmaco formal characteristic and consequently been used as a therapeutic drug for many years. It has been used in treatment of passel ugly from chronic pain, Aids, pubic louse and other final stage diseases. Research is also being carried out to validate the alleged applicability in treatment of kind conditions such as disturbance and post traumatic tensity disorder (Gruber et al, 2003). era looking at the negative impacts of marijuana on the user, it is also important to note that when used in moderation, marijuana does not have as many deleterious effects as alcohol and tobacco.The friendly and economic impacts on marijuana could also reduce significantly if the use of marijuana is controlled. However, this is not practical when its use is illegal. No cases of accidents on the roads have been reported as a result of influence of marijuana contempt it being the most abused drug in the United States. Moreover, although the health torsion associated with alcohol and tobacco has been substantiate, very few have been confirmed in simile to marijuana. Reports on harmfulness of marijuana on the user have been inconclusive and female horse hypothesis some of which are contradictory. slight term effectsThe active theatrical role in marijuana, THC, is responsible for the short term effects of marijuana experienced by the user. The main short term effects of the drug are as a result of its effects on the primaeval nervous system. THC is known to stay to the protein receptor nerve cells in the brain. afterward binding, the chemic propagate a chemic reaction in the nervous system and produces the short term effects of the drug. One of the most immediate effects of these chemical reactions is restraining the users storehouse as well as tuition abilities. after using the drug, the individual encounters relaxed and whitethorn be very talkative.Other pleasant effects of marijuana use include lifting the moods, liveliness relaxed and a change in the state of consciousness. This is why marijuana users claim to feel more enlightened and philosophical when they are high. These short term effects on the user plateau after thirty minutes to one hour and subsidies there after. However, there are evidences of some of the effects lasting for several days or weeks (Moore, et al, 2007). Other short term effects of marijuana include increase in appetite, dryness in the mouth, impaired logical thinking and slow reaction time. drunkenness with marijuana is also associated with nausea, occasional confusion, increased anxiety and agitation, increased feelbeat, loss of memory and paranoia or hallucinations. Ma rijuana users have also been found to have bloodspots in their eyes, unsuitable time perception and increased unfitness to carry out tasks that require density such as operating a machine or driving. The individual whitethorn also suffer from loss of pauperization and decreased cognitive abilities making it voiceless to learn or acquire new information.In general, the individuals ability to learn, remember, make informed judgments, think critically, crystallise problems, communicate effectively and form concepts is impaired when he is high. Studies indicate that the risk of union attack increase by more than four fold immediately after an individual has smoked marijuana. This is because the affectionateness rate can increase with up to a hundred percent after using the drug which can be well-kept for up to three hours. The increased risk of heart attack is also as a result of the changes in the heart rhythms. This risk increases with age and vulnerability to heart diseases (Gruber et al, 2003).Long term effects While the capacious term effects of marijuana are under investigation and indeed not well known, there is no interrogative sentence that long term use of marijuana have detri moral effects on the users health as well as social life. The insufficient information on long term use of marijuana is due to the fact that the drug has not been very common to many societies in the world until recently. There is no doubt that when marijuana smokers are compared to cigarette smokers, marijuana smokers sop up much less cannabis compared to the tobacco consumed by cigarette smokers.However, this does not mean that marijuana take in has peanut long term effects compared to cigarette smoking and therefore should not be treat. novel studies have found out that there are more hydrocarbons that have electromotive forceity carcinogenic effects in marijuana compared to tobacco. Moreover, marijuana smokers may be more exposed to these complexs than tobac co smokers because marijuana is deeply inhaled and the smoke is held for a longer time in the lungs compared to tobacco.This exposes the delicate tissues in the lungs to more carcinogenic compounds increasing the risk of cancer (Mittleman et al, 2001). Studies have indicated that marijuana use increase the risk of cancers such a cancer of the head and neck by up to three times. It has also been confirmed to have a significant contribution in the development of cancers that have traditionally been associated with tobacco smoking. Marijuana smoke is believed to have up to three times as much tar as in tobacco smoke. Moreover, it has over twice the number of potential carcinogenic compounds when compared to tobacco smoke.Logically, this suggests that marijuana smoking has a significant increase in the risk of development of cancerous cells conduct to lung cancer. However, scientific research is underway to confirm these hypotheses. Other than marijuana being a recent drug among the wi der population compared to other drugs, scientific research on its long term effects has been hindered by the small sample that is available due to punitive anti marijuana laws in many parts of the world. For examples, most of marijuana timeless users are still too young to have developed cancer.However, although there is no prove, long term marijuana users claim to reconsider the risks associated with the drug (Hashibe, et al, 2006). The effects of long term use of marijuana in animals resistant systems are well known. The insubordinate system plays a vital role in entertaining the body against harmful microorganisms. Research in animals indicates that the marijuana has a significant effect on the T cells, especially in the lungs. Although this has not been confirmed in human beings, there is no doubt that it affects the users immune systems because the animals immune system is similar to that of human beings.While it is expected that marijuana smokers too have similar respirat ory system problems as tobacco smokers, it has been observed that bulk of these problems are more frequent among marijuana smokers. They are more frequently attacked by chest colds, coughs, production of phlegm, and obstruction of airways and higher risk of lungs infections. This is possible due to the effect of the drug on the T cells and then immune systems in the lungs (Tashkin, 2005). The long term effects of marijuana on the users reproductive system is not in doubt.This is more heartbreaking considering the fact that marijuana is one of the most abused drugs among young people in the United States. The active compound in marijuana has been known to have adverse effects on various parts of the central nervous system including areas that are responsible for controlling sexual hormones and growth. Consequently, long term use of marijuana has been found to reduce the level of testosterone and other sex hormones in male. In some cases, it has been associated with increased femi ninity due to whirl of the hormone system.It can also train to infertility, reduced sperm count and increased antidromicity in sperm cells. crucial cases of infertility in males has for this reason been colligate to long term use of marijuana. The drug has been seen to have similar effects in females by altering the hormonal systems starring(p) to irregular menstrual cycles. However, the alteration can be reversed but it may take time. It has also been found to negatively affect uninnate(p) babies who are born with an impaired nervous system.This results into children with poor learning abilities, hormonal irregularities, lack of attention and abnormal reactions to different stimulus such as sound and light (Moore, et al, 2007). Long term use of marijuana is also associated with mental disorders. One of the greatest negative effects of marijuana use in an individual is its addictive effects. The ability of the drug user to develop dependency on the drug has always been the mai n argument used to support prohibition of marijuana use. However, other mental disorders have been associated with long term use of marijuana.They include toxic psychosis which may reach subtile levels, panic attacks, increased high-pressureness which the user is unable to control, flashbacks and delusions, paranoia and hallucinations as well as some cases of acute depression. Marijuana has also been suggested to trigger other serious mental conditions such as schizophrenia. These effects of the drug on the mental health of an individual have been the point of contention between pros and cons of therapeutic use of marijuana in terminally ill endurings (Moore, et al, 2007).What are the legal guidelines and state statutes of some of the states that have legalized marijuana? The federal and states laws in the United States varies in relation to medical marijuana. According to the controlled substance act, the federal systems do not recognize the medical properties of marijuana. Howe ver, prosecuting patients or medical practitioner for using marijuana for therapeutic procedures is not a precedency in the federal legal systems. The federal legal systems recognizes the fact that caregivers may be compelled to use medical marijuana in indisputable medical cases which is allowed in some states.Fourteen states have so far legalized medical marijuana use inwardly their jurisdiction while others gives police or judge discretion to allow significant reduction in the punishment attached to marijuana users for medical reasons. One of the most published states in relation to medical marijuana is California where the drug is distributed through dispensaries. It is estimated that medical marijuana industry in California was worth two jillion dollars in 2008 which attracted over one hundred million dollars in tax (DPA, 2010).patronage legal age of Americans and civil society organizations in America supporting legislation of medical marijuana, the federal government ha s always rejected the proposals. In 2005, the Supreme Court made a ruling confirming that a patient can be prosecuted in the federal court for using marijuana and medical reasons cannot be used as a defense. This law applies even in states that have legalized medical marijuana. Consequently, on several occasions, dispensaries distributing medical marijuana such as in California have been raided by federal officials from the Drug Enforcement arrangement.The ruling by the Supreme Court provided an excellent prospect for the amendment of the law to entertain patients and medical marijuana legislatures in different states but the bill was once more rejected by congress (DPA, 2010). . Despite the congress rejecting the proposal to amend the law and legalize medical marijuana, the high court ruling had insignificant effects on the states medical marijuana laws. The court did not have the military force to overturn or exercise dictum over the states legislations.It is important to not e that near 99 percent of marijuana related arrests are done at the states level which makes it possible for legislation in the states to protect patients and caregivers. The state laws can afford to effectively remove all penalties against individuals accused of growing, processing, distributing or possessing marijuana for medical reasons. Other states have not legalized medical marijuana but have symbolic legislatures that legally protect the patient in the state legal systems (DPA, 2010).From a wide range of agonistical issues relating to drug policies in the United States, medical marijuana has received the greatest public support. The American population is skewed towards legalization of medical marijuana despite the federal government rejecting such proposals. Scientific studies have confirmed the medical value of marijuana in patients with serious terminal diseases such as cancer, Aids, epilepsy and chronic pain among others. There is also documented evidence of marijuana u se in treating variety of illnesses in the ancient world.The most comprehensive necessitate relating to medical marijuana was carried out in 1999 by the institute of medicine which reason out that marijuana has potent in the caution of conditions such as loss of appetite, anxiety and chronic pain. Various professional bodies and organizations such as the American Public wellness Association, the Aids Action Council and the National Association of Attorney Generals have deliberated on legal access to medical marijuana for patients with certain medical conditions.The American population has fortunate the abolishment of laws prohibiting production, distribution and use of medical marijuana at the state and federal level. Voters from various states have over the years passed ballot initiatives to push for legalization of medical marijuana. Over seventy percent of voters throughout the United States support the proposal to have legal marijuana available to medical practitioners for p rescription(prenominal)s (Cassidy, 2002). The point of contention on the fairness of medical marijuana has been whether the benefit accrue is less than the risk involved.There have been many arguments on possible fault upon legislation of medical marijuana. For example, questions have been raised on whether patients under marijuana prescription would be allowed to drive while under the influence of the drug, how to control the quantity the patient uses, the issue of addiction and medical marijuana getting into the wrong hands. However, it seems that this is not the main concern of the federal government. The main reason why the federal government has been opposed to legalization of marijuana for any reason is based on the Drug Enforcement Administration description of marijuana.DEA maintains that marijuana has no medical value and is a highly addictive substance with adverse effects on the body such as pliable the immune systems and triggering the development of cancer. The gove rnment has ignored some research that has confirmed the medical benefits on marijuana (Cassidy, 2002). Consequences on fairness Enforcement What difficulties would Law Enforcement Officers encounter if marijuana was legalized? Legalization of marijuana is likely to bring most many challenges to the law enforcement structures.This is due to the mutualness of illegal drug markets where almost all narcotics go hand in hand. Although some people have argued that marijuana is safer compared to other illegal as well as some legal drugs, its legalization go forth in no doubt be a stepping pit drug. It bequeath give up production, distribution and use of other harder drugs which will be problematic to law enforcement. Research indicates that progressive use of marijuana eventually leads the user to harder drugs. Because marijuana is considered a harmless drug, it is used for experimentation by potential hard drugs abusers.After a while, the user turns to other drugs. This will be wors e if marijuana is made legal. More people will be introduced to it because of its rightfulness and in the long run, the law enforcement will have a difficulty in dealing with a much large problem of harder drugs (Husak & Marneffe, 2005). The law enforcement agencies in the United States have enough drug related problems to deal with. The system ought to have learnt a good lesson from the legality of drugs such as alcohol. Road carnage as a result of driving under influence of alcohol is among the top killers in the United States.The law enforcement has always had a problem dealing with underage drinking and aggressive behaviors associated with alcoholism. Legalizing another drug means added problems. The dangers associated with stone driving will increase significantly. It is therefore wrong to legalize marijuana because it amounts to a victimless crime. There are many crimes that are associated with marijuana use such as violence and aggressiveness. Punitive penalties to deter e xacting drinking have proved unfeasible which suggests that it will be difficult to control marijuana use if legalized.A twirl can be used to mark device drivers under the influence of alcohol, but this may not be possible when the driver is driving high. There is no doubt that legislation of marijuana will increase crime and burden in law enforcement (Husak & Marneffe, 2005). Arresting individuals found in possession of marijuana and other drugs reduces the likelihood of such individuals committing crimes. Drug addicts have been associated with minor and serious crimes such as shoplifting, theft and other property crimes to pay for their habits.Legalization of marijuana means that there will be more of these drug users in the streets and neighborhoods. These individuals are more likely to commit more serious crimes since the law enforcers are not obliged to get them out of the streets. Moreover, majority of murderers, rapists and robbers have been found to be drug addicts. By in carcerating these individuals for possession of drugs, they are helpless from committing such serious crimes. Common champion dictates prevention is better than dealing with the subsequent problem. If there is reason to incarcerate potential murderers,